Презентация к проекту "История Британии"

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  A history of Britain
  Author: Ilina Anna
  Teacher: Ilina O.V.
  

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  Цель: Обозначить важные точки в истории Британии
  
  Задачи:
  Изучить источники по истории Британии
  Проанализировать и систематизировать полученную информацию
  Подготовить проект
  Britain is a small country but it has a long history. Two thousand years ago it was a part of the Roman Empire. In the 1930s the British Empire was the biggest empire in world history.
  

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  Invaders
  It was 1066, and Edward, King of England, was dead. He had no children. The most important people in the country met to choose a new king. They chose Harold. Harold wasn’t a blood relative of King Edward, but he was the Queen’s brother.
  But other powerful men wanted to be king too. One of them was the King of Norway, Harold Hardrada, and a few months after King Edward’s death his army invaded the north of England. King Harold of England went north, defeated the invaders and killed King Harold of Norway.
  

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  Roman Britain
  The Normans weren’t the first people who invaded Britain. In 55 BC the great Roman Julius Caesar brought an army across the sea from France. For four hundred years, England was part of the Roman Empire. When the Romans first arrived, there were many different groups of people. Each group had its own king. They didn’t think of themselves as ‘British’, but the Romans called the people from all these groups ‘Britons’.
  

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  The Angles and Saxons
  But in 409 the Roman army left Britain to fight in other parts of the Empire. Soon after this, invaders from present-day Germany and Denmark, the Angles and Saxons, came to Britain.
  The Angle and Saxon armies destroyed everything in their path, and the Roman way of life disappeared from Britain. Many Britons moved west to escape the invaders. By the 7th century,
  groups of Britons were in control of present-day Scotland, Wales and Cornwall, but Angles and Saxons ruled the rest of Britain.
  People started to call this area ‘Angle-land’. Later its name became ‘England’.
  

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  England is a country but it isn’t a state. It is part of a state called ‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’. This name is less than a hundred years old, but English rule in other parts of the United Kingdom started soon after the time of William the Conqueror.
  

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  Wales
  When England was safely under their control, the Normans started the conquest of Wales. The conquest was completed by William the Conquerors son. There were a few years of independence in the 12th and 13th centuries, but since 1284 the rulers of England have also ruled in Wales. The Welsh language is still spoken by half a million people.
  

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  Scotland
  Scotland stayed independent much longer than Wales — until the end of the 13th century, when it was conquered by the English king, Edward I. But thirty years later it became independent again. England and Scotland finally came together in 1603. Queen Elizabeth I of England died without children, and her nearest relative was James, King of Scotland. During the next century the two countries had the same kings and queens, but different parliaments and laws. Twice in that time, the English parliament chose a new king for both countries.
  

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  Ireland
  Ireland’s story was very different. Ireland was first conquered by an army from Britain in 1171. The Irish finally won independence for most of their island in 1922. In all that time, British rule brought Ireland very little money and a lot of trouble. The Norman invasion of Ireland in 1171 was the idea of an Irish king, Dermot of Leinster. When he stole another king’s wife, he lost power over his lands. He asked the English king, Henry II, for help. Henry sent an army, and the island of Ireland has never been completely independent since then.
  

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  Northern Ireland
  About 35% of the people in Northern Ireland were Catholic. They wanted to be part of the independent state of Ireland. In the 1960s, Catholic demonstrations were stopped violently. So the British government sent their army to protect the Catholics. But Catholics didn’t want the British army in their country. Later they killed anyone who was Protestant or British. Terrible things were done by all sides, but perhaps the worst violence has now passed.
  

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  Catholic Britain
  From the 7th century, almost everyone in Britain was a Roman Catholic. By the time of Henry VIII, the Catholic Church was very powerful. In those days, only a few people reached the age of fifty. Life after death was very important to them, and for this they needed the Church. Even the poorest farmers gave the Church 10% of the food that they produced. They also worked on Church land without payment. Rich families gave large amounts of money. Everyone believed that they were buying a better life after death. The Church became very rich — much richer than the King of England.
  

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  Henry VIII
  

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  Edward VI
  

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  Mary I
  

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  Elizabeth I
  

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  Mary Queen of Scot
  

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  Early parliaments
  John’s nine-year-old son became King Henry III and the lords went home. But then, as an adult, Henry decided to start an expensive war in Sicily (now in the south of Italy). The lords worried that he was becoming like his father, John. He was interested only in power and not in his people. They decided to ask Henry for a parliament of priests, lords, and ordinary landowners and businessmen. Without the agreement of this parliament, the King couldn’t have tax money for his Sicilian war.
  

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  King and Parliament at war
  In many families, brother fought brother and father fought son. The King’s men won the first battle, but four years later, Charles I was defeated by Parliament and its army. Parliament couldn’t agree what they should do next. But in the end a court of law decided that Charles was an enemy of the people. In 1649, he was killed in front of a large crowd. His son, Charles II, was made king in Scotland, but Parliament soon defeated the Scots. Charles II had to escape to the Netherlands, leaving Parliament and the officers of its army in control of Britain.
  

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  The return of the King
  When Cromwell died, his son became Lord Protector. But he wasn’t a strong ruler and he couldn’t control the army. So a group of politicians invited Charles II to return home. Most people were very pleased to have Charles Il as king. But Charles didn’t like Parliament, and for most of his time as king he ruled without it. That meant no tax money, so he used money from the King of France.
  

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  Britain’s last Catholic king
  Charles II and his wife had no children. When Charles died in 1685, his Catholic brother James became king. James II started giving all the important jobs in the army and the universities to Catholics. He tried to get Catholics into Parliament. This was a bad idea because Catholics were hated by most of the population. In 1688, a group of politicians invited Prince William of Orange, the Protestant Dutch husband (and cousin) of James’ daughter Mary, to bring his army to England. When James’s own army joined Prince William, James escaped to France.
  

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  Revolution in the country
  Until the 19th century, most people in Britain worked on the land. They grew plants for food and kept farm animals. They produced butter and cheese. And in their homes they turned sheep’s wool into cloth. English cloth was popular everywhere in Europe. Farmers couldn’t use all their fields every year. After a few years, the plants became unhealthy, so they left the field empty for a year. But in the 18th century, people found new ways to grow food. Farmers never had to leave a field empty, so they could produce more food. The new ideas for farms could only work on large areas of land, and most farmers had small areas in different fields. In the second half of the 18th century, the government agreed to give a lot of land to the most powerful landowners. Many poorer farmers were left with nothing.
  

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  Revolution in towns
  Also in the 18th century, there were changes in the cloth-making business. New machines helped to make cloth much faster than before. The machines were too big to keep at home. The world’s first factories were built. These factories employed many of the farmers who lost their land to the big landowners. Soon large towns grew around the factories. Manchester and Leeds, for example, grew in this way. The factories made cloth from local wool, and also from American cotton. British cloth became even more popular in Europe than before. When the French Emperor Napoleon, Britain’s great enemy, invaded Russia, his soldiers were wearing coats of British cloth. British factories were soon copied in other European countries and their empires, and the world changed for ever. But these wonderful new machines didn’t help the ordinary people of Britain.
  

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  Votes for all
  In the 19th century, more and more men were given the vote, but women still had no power. The Suffragettes were a group of women who wanted to change this. In the early 20th century they went on violent demonstrations. They shouted at politicians in Parliament. In prison, they refused to eat. One woman was killed when she threw herself under the King’s horse during a race. But when the First World War started in 1914, these women stopped fighting the Government. They did the jobs of the men who were away at war. When the war ended, some women over the age of 30 and all men over the age of 21 could vote. Finally, in 1928, the rules for women and men became the same.
  

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  An end to poverty
  Workers’ lives at the end of the 19th century were a little better than a hundred years before. The Government decided to do more for the poor of Britain. In 1906, pay was introduced for people who couldn’t work as a result of illness or old age.
  After the Second World War ended in 1945, there was more money from the Government for old people. There was also money for families with children and for people who couldn’t find work. Schools, hospitals, doctors and dentists were — and still are — free. Britain was the first state to protect its people in this way. Taxpayers have to pay for it, of course. But people are protected from the terrible poverty and unhealthy lives of earlier centuries.
  

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  British America
  The religious enemies of Britain’s rulers had the first successes of empire. In 1620, a group of English Puritans sailed to America in a boat called the Mayflower. They wanted to practise their religion freely and openly, and this was impossible in England. They built homes on the east coast of America, in an area that they called New England.
  In the next few years, many people followed them across the Atlantic: Puritans and Catholics for religious reasons, and businessmen who were interested in trade. By the middle of the 18th century, there were 1.6 million British people living in North America.
  

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  The British in India
  On the other side of the world, there was better news for the British Empire. In the 17th century a private English company, the East India Company, controlled a few ports on the west coast of India. To protect their trade interests in times of war, the East India Company employed an army of English officers and Indian men. In 1756 the ruler of Bengal, in north-east India, attacked British soldiers in his capital, Calcutta. He put many of them in prison overnight, but the prison didn’t have enough air. In the morning, most of the soldiers were dead. The British called this prison the “Black Hole of Calcutta’. They sent an army to defeat the Bengali ruler. From this time the real ruler of Bengal was the East India Company. Slowly, other Indian states came under British control. By the middle of the 19th century, all India was part of the British Empire.
  

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  British lands around the world
  The British Empire was also growing in other parts of the world. Criminals were sent abroad because it was cheaper than prison. They went to America before it became independent. Then, from 1788, they were sent in large numbers to Australia. Soon other people were making their homes there too, and in New Zealand and Canada. If the local people — the Aborigines, Maoris and American Indians — were lucky, they only lost their land. If they were unlucky, they were killed.
  

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  The war against Napoleon
  Napoleon had more success in his battles on land than at sea. Soon he controlled a large part of Europe. He planned an invasion of Britain, but then he changed his mind and invaded Russia — a big mistake. He lost three-quarters of the 450,000 soldiers who went with him. At the same time, the British army pushed his soldiers out of Spain and Portugal. Finally, in 1815, he was defeated by Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo.
  

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  Empire in Africa
  France and Britain continued to build their empires, in Asia and in Africa. Other European countries — Italy, Germany, Belgium — joined them in a race to rule Africa. The British fought for a long time against the African Zulus and the Dutch-speaking white Boers for control of South Africa and its gold. They moved north from there, and south from Egypt, until they controlled land from the top to the bottom of Africa
  

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  The end of the Empire
  After the Second World War, Britain couldn’t keep control of its empire. India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, and most other countries in the empire soon followed. Hong Kong stayed British for a much longer time, but in 1997 it became part of China. When the countries of the Empire became independent, most of them joined the Commonwealth. This is a group of states that work together on many important matters, like business, health and the fight against poverty. The British queen is still the head of the Commonwealth.
  

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  Britain’s place in the world today
  Britain is part of the Commonwealth and the European Union and, as a result of its history and language, it works closely with the US too. Britain’s days of world power have ended, but it is still richer and more powerful than most countries in the world. Without its empire, Britain is a small country again — but a small country with a big history.
  

• 33 слайд

  Хотя Британия и маленькая страна, ее история важна на мировой арене. В этом проекте обозначены самые важные точки в истории Британии.
  Я считаю, что нельзя изучать английский язык, не зная историю его страны.