Презентация по английскому языку на тему: " Эссе в формате ЕГЭ"

• 1 слайд

  How to write
  a good essay
  

• 2 слайд

  Academic essay assessment
  Task response basically means: Did you answer the question? Did you support your ideas? Did you support your theses? Did you have good examples, good reasons? Did everything connect? Did everything support the answer to task given?
  Coherence & cohesion
  basically means: Was it understandable? Do your ideas link one another? Did ideas flow from one to the next? Did sentences connect from one to the next, paragraph to paragraph and the essay as a whole?
  Lexical resources
  basically means: vocabulary –Did you use good high words, a variety of words? Did you repeat words? Did you use appropriate words? Did you use them correctly?
  Grammatical range & accuracy
  basically means: How are your verbs? How is your subject and verb agreement? How are your articles, prepositions, your punctuation, your sentence variety and sentence structures?
  

• 3 слайд

  Types of questions
  Agree/ disagree
  * Do you agree with the following statement?
  * Some people believe that… Do you agree or disagree with this belief?
  * To what extend do you agree or disagree?
  * To what extend do you agree?
  * Why?, Why not?
  Introduction
  Clearly state whether you agree or disagree
  I agree that…
  I disagree with the idea because…
  In my opinion, this statement is not true as…
  Personally, this belief is questionable as…
  This essay will argue against this idea using…
  To what extend – somewhat, completely, not at all, indeed, etc.
  Body paragraph 1 – reason 1
  Body paragraph 2 – reason 2
  You can include a concession argument in either or both paragraphs, though it is recommended you do it in paragraph 2 and maintain focus on your argument
  Do not discuss both sides of the argument equally - make sure your choice is clear
  

• 4 слайд

  For or against/ Support or oppose
  Situation A: Do you support or oppose this situation? * Why/ Why not?
  Intro:similar to agree/disagree though providing benefits/ costs as reasons
  * I support this because…
  * Personally, I would argue against this…
  * I am against this as…
  *In my opinion, situation A is good and I support it because…
  
  BODY: Para 1 – focus on your choice (if support, say why, give benefits, pros)
  Para 2 – look at the other side (if support the situation, explain the costs of not supporting it, the cons (avoid the concession)
  

• 5 слайд

  Open-ended questions:
  What, when, where, who, how, etc.
  Descriptive essay:
  What are some possible causes of…?
  What are some possible consequences of…?
  Who might benefit from…?
  Who might be hurt by…?
  How would you (fix the situation)?
  What are some possible remedies for this situation?
  Which would you choose (Choice type)?
  In your opinion, when is (a good time to start teaching a child another language)?
  What do you think about…? (Opinion type)
  
  Introduction
  Present the topic
  Present two details that answer the specific question
  What are some sources of pollution that can be prevented or lowered?
  Some of major polluters are emissions from cars, as well as poisonous chemicals dumped into rivers by manufacturing plants. These can be tackled in several ways, including improved public transportation, and high penalties for corporations that endanger lives.
  Describe the source
  Detail the actions
  to fight these
  No opinion statement
  necessary
  Objective – not an opinion, without the self
  Subjective – includes the writer’s own ideas, opinions, views, beliefs.
  

• 6 слайд

  Hypothetical question
  Hypothetical means imaginary, not real, theoretical
  If… what, who, where, etc.
  Hypothetical answer, yet form the opinion
  If you could dinner with any famous celebrity, who would it be? What would you discuss with this person?
  Answer the question directly: If I had the opportunity to dine with________, I would love to ask him/ her about…
  Say why ( Why this person? Why this/ these topics?)
  
  Compare/ contrast,
  advantages/ disadvantages
  Discuss both sides of the issue (sometimes choose one over the other, or say why both equally relevant)
  Intro
  If not asked to choose one, then no opinion needed: this becomes a descriptive essay
  Mention the two choice, mention that the issue has advantages and disadvantages
  If asked to choose, say above + your opinion (+ reason)
  Body 1 – compare/ contrast one aspect
  Body 2 – compare/ contrast another aspect
  Body 1 – compare with a lean towards choice
  Body 2 – support choice with fully developed, focused argument
  

• 7 слайд

  Paraphrasing the question
  ESSAY:
  Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country
  I agree that education is the single
  most important factor in the development of
  a country because …
  
  Paraphrase = change words,
  sentence structures. Keep meaning!
  Paraphrase
  

• 8 слайд

  Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country
  ESSAY:
  Paraphrase = change words,
  sentence structures ! Keep meaning
  Synonyms
  schooling
  aspect
  advancement
  evolution
  nation
  significant
  essential
  element
  

• 9 слайд

  Paraphrasing the question
  ESSAY:
  Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country
  Sentence
  structure
  Verb
  Noun
  Adjective
  The most essential element of
  a nation’s development is education
  

• 10 слайд

  Paraphrasing the question
  Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country
  ESSAY:
  Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, I think education has a far greater impact
  

• 11 слайд

  Many people believe that the increased presence of violence
  In films and television these days is responsible for the rising incidence of violent crimes among youths in society. They argue that governments have a duty to control the media so as to reduce this phenomenon.
  Do you agree with this argument?
  Some people’s opinion
  Two parts of the rubric
  The question is: “Should the government censor the media to try to reduce this phenomenon.”
  

• 12 слайд

  PLAN:
  interpret and understand the question?
  Government
  control + violence
  parents
  home life
  peer pressure
  video games
  parents
  education
  guns
  responsibility
  influence
  Yes
  No
  Protect citizens
  Censorship
  Can’t control everything
  Jobs + education
  Parents’ role
  

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  Introduction: 3-4 sentences
  
  What is the topic?
  
  
  
  
  
  What is the question?
  
  
  
  
  What is my opinion?
  Why?
  Youth violence is a shared social problem.
  Topic sentence – general idea, no reasons, no details, no arguments
  Many people thus propose that governments need to tackle this issue by controlling the media, whom people see as responsible for inciting this violence through films and television
  While youth are undoubtedly swayed by external influences, I disagree that it is a government’s obligation to censor the entertainment industry; rather, it is up to society itself to handle the matter.
  Because of the media
  there is violence in society
  Combine opinion and
  reason into one
  General reason that you will
  develop in the body paragraph
  

• 14 слайд

  Body paragraph 1
  has an introductory
  statement
  Today’s young people can be influenced by many things, from films to websites to their peers. *It’s unreasonable, then, to single out films and sitcoms as a main influencer of violence. *In other words, kids may see violence and kindness, greed and generosity, and all other human behaviour in pretty equal measure everywhere. *They can witness all of these things in one news broadcast or viral You Tube clip just as easily as they can in an action flick. *Therefore, blaming the entertaining industry is not only unfair, it is also wrong in that it ignores the root causes of certain social behaviour. *To suggest that the government can control this is to avoid taking responsibility for ourselves.
  One paragraph
  has one central
  idea
  In other words…,
  I want to expand the central idea
  Concrete example
  ( You Tube)
  Therefore…
  Change focus, prepare for the next paragraph
  

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  Body paragraph 2
  Indeed, the government’s role is not to act as parents to its citizens, but to maintain order and provide the tools for society to thrive; it should not tell people what they can or cannot do. *On the other hand, parents can and must oversee, what their children are exposed to, be it on line, a movie, a book or any other source. *Consequently, parents must decide whether they want their children to watch a horror film. *It is not for governments to ban studios from making it. *Furthermore, once we allow the government to engage in censorship in one area, it will be free to act in all spheres of our lives, because negative influences are everywhere and have always been so. *Restricting people’s access to media will not stop violence. *In fact, it may increase it as citizens begin to fight for their freedom.
  You must have a transition to your next body paragraph, because you are shifting focus.(however, another reason, except)
  A topic sentence
  Another shift –
  Who has responsibility?
  A horror film is a
  concrete example
  

• 16 слайд

  Conclusion
  In conclusion, social behaviour patterns are impacted by many things, including but not limited to media products, and society should take care control of this. *Governments should not be allowed to restrict what film or TV programs produce because they will then have to spread their control to all areas of society.
  1–2 sentences
  Restate your
  thesis
  Don’t use I or
  me or my
  Your opinion (clearly expressed) – in a statement;
  highlight your reasons
  

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  Introduction :Formula
  Background statement
  Rewrite the question
  “This essay will” sentence
  

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  INTRODUCTION
  Plan first
  Translate this plan into sentences (3 – 5)
  Answer:
  What is the topic?
  
  What is the question?
  
  What is your opinion?
  
  What are the reasons?
  General
  Theses
  Is it better to live in the city or in the country?
  
  Deciding where to live is one of life’s more difficult choices. One may opt for life in the country, or in the city. In my opinion, life in the city is more advantageous due to the fact/ because the city offers better economic and social opportunities.
  Topic
  

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  Body paragraph
  Indent or skip a line
  One central idea – thesis (statement, general)
  All other ideas directly related to main
  Any length
  Details – why important
  - reasons
  - examples
  Flow bridges
  Key terms
  Avoid repetition
  End with bridge
  (or start with bridge)
  Great changes require a powerful hand to guide them and push them forward. Governments have the power and influence of the law to support them. Moreover, they have the access to means with which to enforce the law and punish offenders. Individuals and corporations that pollute our air and waters will not stop doing so as long as they can profit from this action and do not fear consequences. A steel producers, for instance, will not cease dumping waste in nearby river if it does not affect its bottom line. Taxing this company, on the other hand, might make it change its way of doing business. Yet, it is the very question of costs that limits anyone but the government to act against pollution.
  General topic:
  Pollution
  Question:
  Who is responsible to fix it? – Government is responsible
  3 reasons: power, cost, credibility
  In the introduction power is the first, so in the first paragraph I will talk about power
  

• 20 слайд

  Conclusion
  In conclusion,…
  To conclude,…
  To sum up,…
  To summarize,…
  In summary,…
  It is fair to conclude that,…
  Thus, with the above in mind,…
  In the final analysis,…
  Finally,…
  Lastly,…
  All in all,…
  As I have discussed above,…
  Dos
  Keep it short – 1-2 sentences
  Keep it simple – boring is good!
  Restate the thesis – opinion to opinion, outline to outline
  Restate highlights – main points, reasons/ arguments, advantages/ disadvantages, etc.
  Write a conclusion!
  Don’ts
  Introduce any new idea – can’t elaborate, confuses the reader, weakens the main arguments
  You can add the points for future studies or actions related to the topic, but be general and relevant (should, ought to, requires further…, etc.)
  Use a personal pronoun (I, me, my) – you already did this in the introduction
  Overwrite – keep it short and simple
  Experiment with language – do this in the body!
  

• 21 слайд

  An example of conclusion
  Many people believe that they have no influence on government policies and actions and that their vote, therefore, is of little significance; consequently, they believe that voting during elections is a waste of time and energy. To what extend do you agree or disagree with this belief?
  While I agree for the most part that no individual can make a great impact through one vote, I also believe that mobilizing an entire segment of the population can make all the difference in the world.
  Body paragraph 1: Why it is in everyone’s interest to vote
  Body paragraph 2: The danger(s) of not voting
  To conclude, no one on its own can change the status quo; however, every single vote can add to a collection of votes and garner a powerful tool to keep fringe elements at bay and to make politicians listen up and act.
  
  Introduction
  Conclusion
  

• 22 слайд

  5 TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR WRITING
  Contractions: don’t, can’t, wouldn’t do not, can not, would not
  There is/ there are:
  There are many issues that students face at university.
  Students face many issues at university
  Really, very, a lot, so A lot of time is wasted.
  Much time is wasted.
  
  Passive vs Active The war was won by the French.
  The French won the war.
  Weak verbs vs Strong verbs He gave assistance to my friend
  He assisted my friend.
  

• 23 слайд

  Lexical Range = Vocabulary
  3 golden rules about vocabulary:
  Uncommon uses of everyday words are more valuable than
  “big words” – (discount vs mitigate)
  2. Don’t force words into the writing/speaking (must be “natural”):
  potentate = ruler, dictator
  Be 100% sure of meaning
  and usage
  

• 24 слайд

  MITIGATE – make less severe, harsh, painful, harmful, serious;
  Minimize the effect of smth negative (mistake, offence, etc.)
  Doctors often prescribe Tylenol to patients with broken bones as a way to mitigate the pain.
  The company offered customers various promotions in order to mitigate the steep decline in sales following the failed product launch.
  The retail manager decided to mitigate prices so as to attract more customers.
  Even the toughest potentate understands the power of numbers.
  POTENTATE (n) = ruler (king, dictator, etc.) who rules with power, strength
  POTENT (adj.) – powerful, strong
  DISCOUNT(v) = 1. to lower, reduce (prices, fees, etc.)
  2. To underestimate, not take smth/ smb into account
  Head office decided to discount the entire autumn collection to stimulate sales.
  Companies that aim their advertising at older shoppers and discount the purchasing power of teens and young adults, are potentially losing millions in sales.
  

• 25 слайд

  6 alternatives to the verb Do
  Conduct – to plan out, organize and then direct/ manage the action
  Complete/ Finish – to bring (an action) to an end
  Execute – to do an action as planned or ordered
  Perform – to do something as a prescribed way/ act (usually something one is trained for)
  Carry out – to do until the end/ to bring to a conclusion
  Commit – to do an action deliberately (usually a negative one)
  Vocabulary: collocations
  Conduct – an experiment/ an investigation/ an audit/ business/an interview/ one’s affairs;
  Complete/ Finish – a task/ one’s homework/ the mission/ the project;
  Execute – an order/ a command/ justice/ the plan/ a maneuver/ a task/ well/ executed;
  Perform – one’s duties/ a task/ an operation/ surgery/ a function/ one’s work/ well;
  Carry out – one’s duty/ the task/ the orders/ the plans/ repairs;
  Commit – a crime/ fraud/ suicide/ adultery/ an injustice.
  Do, make, give, take, have
  

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  Reservation(s) –v/n def.: concerns, worries, doubts, smth that makes one hesitate; conditions.
  E.G. “Having seen all the data, I’m ready to sign on to this agreement without reservations.”
  MAKE a reservation AT a hotel
  HAVE a reservation ABOUT something
  Without reservations
  Collocation: without doubts, without hesitations
  LESS COMMON USES OF EVERYDAY WORDS
  TO FAIL – not succeed
  A FAIL IN – a weakness
  FAILING (THAT, SOMETHING) – preposition def.: in the absence of… (smth, that was offered or presented first)
  E.G. “It is imperative that local authorities enforce this law to its full extend; failing that, the epidemic will only grow beyond control.”
  RESORT (TO) – V/N def.: to do smth when no other options are available (to – the only option); n.: final option.
  E.G. “Jim will keep trying to get into college, but if he absolutely cannot, his last resort will likely be technical college.”
  RESORT (n) – luxury vacation spot
  

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  FREQUENT (v.) – Def.: visit, go to, be in often
  E.G.: "Jane avoids this area at night, because
  she knows it is usually frequented by drug
  addicts looking to buy.”
  LESS COMMON USES OF EVERYDAY WORDS
  FREQUENT – (adv.)
  often, regularly
  SHOULDER (v.) – Def.: to assume, take on, carry (smth physical
  or abstract
  E.G.: "Some people argue that children who refuse
  to shoulder the responsibility of caring for their
  elderly parents should have to pay more taxes if
  this care falls to the government to oversee.”
  
  SHOULDER – part of
  the body
  Shoulder the cost(s)
  the responsibility
  the blame
  the burden
  
  ARM (v.) – Def.: equip/prepare with weapons/ tools
  E.G.:" What makes Heather a great negotiator is not
  just her tenacity but the fact that she armed herself
  with endless amounts of data so as outperform her
  adversary. “
  Armament(s) – weapons
  weaponization
  Armed with = have
  COUNTER (adj./ v.) – Def.: opposite, contrary, opposing, oppose,
  disagree with, return an attack
  E.G.: “Arguments that are not well-presented are easy
  to counter, thus they are weak and consequently make
  entire essay score lower. “
  Counter (n) – like table top, but long and narrow
  
  

• 28 слайд

  By punishing murderers with the death penalty, society is also guilty of committing murder. Therefore, life in prison is better punishment for murderers. To what extend do you agree or disagree with this statement?
  The death penalty is an ancient punishment for high level crimes such as murder or mutiny. While some people believe that death penalty is not the ideal sentence for murderers, others believe that there is no better way to penalize a killer than by taking away his life. This essay will argue that murderers should indeed by sentenced with the death penalty due the fact that doing so sets an example for the potential assassins. Secondly the death penalty is a just punishment.
  Killing a murderer proves to the public generally, and to potential murderers especially, that the state does not tolerate such crimes so much that it is willing to take away a life in return. This sets an example for everyone who thinks about killing an individual. Thus, it makes potential murderer think twice before committing such crime as they would realise the stakes that would have to be put on the line. This impact of the death penalty of striking fear into potential murderers was proven by a research conducted by University of Berkeley,- the research compared the statistics of homicide in the states that have the death penalty with those of in states that do not have the death penalty. The research concluded that on average, approximately 85% less murders happen in states with the death penalty.
  Secondly, some people argue, that the death penalty would not bring back a dead individual. That is right, but the lives of the innocent wife, friends, and especially the children of a murdered man would drastically change due to him no longer being there. Therefore, even though the death penalty would not bring the killed man back to his family, it is only fair for the family of the killed man that the state kills the person who had assassinated their beloved one. For instance, when the sons of a murdered man were asked about their feelings after their father’s assassin had just been hanged; they responded with only one word: “justice”.
  To conclude, the death penalty frights anyone who thinks of murdering someone else. Also, although sentencing a murderer with a death penalty does not revive his victim, it conveys the sense of fairness to the victim’s family.
  

• 29 слайд

  By punishing murderers with the death penalty, society is also guilty of committing murder. Therefore, life in prison is better punishment for murderers. To what extend do you agree or disagree with this statement?
  The death penalty is an ancient punishment for high level crimes such as murder or mutiny. While some people believe that death penalty is not the ideal sentence for murderers, others believe that there is no better way to penalize punish a killer than by taking away his life. This essay will argue that murderers should indeed by sentenced with the to death penalty due the fact that doing so sets an example for other the potential assassins killers. Secondly and that the death penalty is a just punishment.
  Killing a murderer proves to the public generally, and to potential murderers especially, that the state does not tolerate such crimes so much to the point that it is willing to take away a life in return. This sets an example for everyone who thinks about killing an individual others. Thus, it makes potential murderer think twice before committing such crimes as they would realise the stakes that would have to be put on the line involved. This impact of the death penalty, that is, of striking fear into potential murderers was proven by a research conducted by at the University of Berkeley,- the. This research compared the statistics rates of homicide in the states that have the death penalty with against those of in states that do not have the death penalty. The research concluded that on average, approximately 85% less fewer murders happen in states with the death penalty.
  Secondly, some people, however, argue, that the death penalty is pointless as it would not bring back a dead individual the victim. That is may be right, but the lives of the innocent victim’s wife, friends, and especially the his children of a murdered man would drastically change due to him no longer being there. Therefore, even though the death penalty would not bring the killed man back to his family, it is only fair for to the family of the killed man them that the state kills the person who had assassinated murdered their beloved one. For instance, when the sons of a murdered man were asked about their feelings after their father’s assassin killer had just been hanged; they responded with only one word: “justice”.
  To conclude, the death penalty is justify because it frightens anyone who thinks of murdering someone else. Also, although sentencing a murderer with a to death penalty does not revive his victim, it conveys the sense of fairness to the victim’s family.
  

• 30 слайд

  Give your views on the following statement:
  
  “Advertisements encourage people
  to spend money on things
  they do not need.”
  

• 31 слайд

  Thank you
  for your attention
  Работу выполнила:
  учитель английского языка
  МБОУ: «Сакская гимназия № 1»
  города Саки Республики Крым
  Посметная Елена Викторовна