Стволовые клетки на английском языке

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  Stem Cells
  

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  Fertilization is the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a single cell.
  LIFE STARTS
  =
  Z Y G O T E
  

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  What type of division does zygote have?
  M I TO S I S
  Mitosis ensures all cell to be genetically identical.
  
  These cells have all genes and could develop in any cell type/tissue/organ.
  

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  In an early-stage embryo, the cells are unspecialized.
  The development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions is called differentiation.
  
  In humans, there are 220 distinctively different highly specialized cell types, all of which develop by differentiation.
  

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  When a gene is being used in a cell, we say that the gene is being expressed.
  The position of a cell in the embryo must therefore determine how it differentiates. Gradients of signalling chemicals indicate a cell's position in the embryo and determine which pathway of differentiation it follows. These chemicals are regulators of gene expression.
  
  For example, gradients of retinoic acid guide differentiation of
  cells in the development of forelimbs, pancreas,lungs, kidneys and other organs.
  

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  Stem Cell – Definition
  A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
  

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  Stem Cell Characteristics
  ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)
  Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
  Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)
  A stem cell can divide repeatedly.
  Stem cells in the testes also divide endlessly.
  In the 19th century, the term "stem cell" was given to the zygote.
  

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  Kinds of Stem Cells
  

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  This cell
  Can form the
  Embryo and placenta
  This cell
  Can just form the
  embryo
  Fully mature
  

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  Kinds of Stem Cells
  Embryonic stem cells
  five to six-day-old embryo
  
  
  Embryonic germ cells
  derived from the part of a human embryo or fetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
  
  Adult stem cells
  undifferentiated cells found among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
  appear to have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.
  

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  Pluripotent Stem Cells –
  more potential to become any type of cell
  

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  Multipotent stem cells
  Multipotent stem cells – limited in what the cells can become
  

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  Embryonic Stem Cells
  Mainly from IVF
  

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  Sexual Reproduction
  

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  Stages of Embryogenesis
  blastocyst
  Blastocyst inner mass cells
  8-cell stage
  cleavage
  

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  Blastocyst Diagram
  

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  Skin
  Fat Cells
  Bone marrow
  Many other organs & tissues
  Adult Stem Cells
  An undifferentiated cells found among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
  
  

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  Bone Marrow
  Found in spongy bone where blood cells form
  Used to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells.
  treat patients diagnosed with leukemia, aplastic anemia, and lymphomas
  Need a greater histological immunocompatibility
  

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  Umbilical (пупочный) cord stem cells
  Also Known as Wharton’s Jelly
  Adult stem cells of infant origin
  Greater compatibility
  Less expensive
  

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  Umbilical cord stem cells
  Three important functions:
  Plasticity: Potential to change into other cell types like nerve cells
  Homing: To travel to the site of tissue damage
  Engraftment (приживление трансплантата): To unite with other tissues
  
  

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  B2.3.5 Cell size as an aspect of specialization
  

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  Stem cell research and treatment
  Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease are caused by loss of brain cells, and it is hoped that implanted stem cells could replace many of these lost brain cells thus relieving the disease symptoms.
  
  
  
  
  

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  Heart Disease
  Adult bone marrow stem cells injected into the hearts are believed to improve cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack
  

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  Leukemia and Cancer
  Studies show leukemia patients treated with stem cells emerge free of disease.
  Injections of stem cells have also reduces pancreatic cancers in some patients.
  Proliferation of white cells
  

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  Type I Diabetes
  Pancreatic cells do not produce insulin
  Embryonic Stem Cells might be trained to become pancreatic islets cells needed to secrete insulin.
  
  

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  Stem cells in the adult brain:
  

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  Technical Challenges
  Source - Cell lines may have mutations.
  Delivery to target areas
  Prevention of rejection
  Suppressing tumors
  

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  Why is Stem Cell Research So Important to All of Us?
  Stem cells can replace diseased or damaged cells
  Stem cells allow us to study development and genetics
  Stem cells can be used to test different substances (drugs and chemicals)
  
  

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  Stem cell research
  
  There are important ethical involved in stem cell research.
  Especially controversial is the use of embryonic or pluripotent stem cells. This is because these cells come from embryos often obtained from laboratories carrying out in-vitro fertilization (IVF). To gather these cells involves death of the embryo and opponents argue that this represents the taking of a human life.
  On the other hand, it is argued that this research could result in the significant reduction of human suffering and is, therefore, totally acceptable.
  Blastocyst inner mass cells
  

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  Why the Controversy Over Stem cells?
  Embryonic Stem cells are derived from extra blastocysts that would otherwise be discarded following IVF.
  Extracting stem cells destroys the developing blastocyst (embryo).
  
  -Questions for Consideration-
  Is an embryo a person?
  Is it morally acceptable to use embryos for research?
  When do we become “human beings?”
  

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  Homework:
  
  What is the stem cell niche?
  Give examples for stem cell niche.
  
  How are scientist going to use stem cells in the beef burgers production?