Sustainable agriculture, forestry and fishery

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  Sustainable agriculture, forestry and fishery
  Sustainable Baltic Region Course
  Session 4.
  

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  Definition of “Sustainable”
  “Sustainable” means to create and
  maintain conditions, under which
  humans and nature can exist in
  productive harmony, that permit
  fulfilling the social, economic, and
  other requirements of present and
  future generations.
  

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  Early thinking about sustainability, shown on the left side of Figure 1 (Weak Sustainability) envisions the environmental, social, and economic realms as intersecting, yet separate parts of a system.
  
  A more recent depiction of sustainability is shown on the righthand side of Figure 1 (Strong Sustainability). This model reflects the understanding that the environmental realm provides natural goods and services which cannot be duplicated through other means.
  
  
  

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  Introduction
  
  What is sustainable agriculture?
  Biodynamic?
  Organic?
  Intensive?
  
  Sustainable agriculture - is a reasonable relationship between economy, ecology, environmental conciseness and social development of rural territories. It should be:
  economically beneficial
  environmentally sound
  meeting good social standards and to be just
  

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  Sustainable Agriculture Aspects
  

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  Traditional Methods
  Today 80% of crop production worldwide relies on rainfall.
  
  Meso-American farms are often looked upon as proof of past functioning sustainable agricultural systems.
  Crop Rotation
  Natural Fertilizers
  Raised Fields
  Terraces
  Irrigation Canals
  Swamps/Lakes
  Home Gardens
  Tree Culture
  
  
  
  
  

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  Negative Impacts
  Our current mass production style of farming has resulted in numerous
  negative side-affects:
  Environmental damages
  Reduced biodiversity
  Habitat destruction
  Deforestation
  Water, air and soil pollution
  Salinization, desertification
  Decline in water resources
  and land subsidence
  Human impacts
  Farm land destruction
  Damage to soil fertility
  Reduced nutritional value of food
  Decreased economic, social and cultural values
  For the past several years research has looked at sustainable agriculture as a potential solution to correct and prevent these problems.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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  Environmental problems of conventional (intensive) agriculture
  
  
  Drainage
  Mechanization
  Over-use of chemicals
  Intensive livestock breeding
  Soil degradation
  Human health
  

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  Abundant food insecurity (FAO, 2006)
  Demand for food will increase (Evans, 2009, and others)
  Unsustainable use of natural production factors such as soil, biological diversity and water (Pimentel et al., 1995; FAO, 2003)
  60 % of ecosystem services are degraded (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
  Intensive agriculture is depends on high energy but could be energy self-reliant and could mitigate GHG emission considerably (Smith et al., 2007)
  Agriculture is insufficiently prepared to cope with unpredictability and adaptation to climate change (Lobell et al., 2008)
  Challenges for Sustainable Agricultural
  Production and Farming Systems Dev.
  
  

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  Sustainable agriculture definition
  Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term:
  Satisfy human food and fiber needs
  Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls
  Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
  Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole
  
  

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  Agro-ecology
  Diversity
  Recycling
  
  Healthy soil
  Healthy crops
  Healthy livestock
  Healthy people
  The four basic principles of organic agriculture
  Endorsed by IFOAM, September 2005
  Ecological and social justice
  Fari Trade?
  
  Precaution
  

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  Sustainable Agriculture Poster
  

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  A. Crop rotation keeps the soil healthy.
  B. Mixed farms allows the uses of livestock manure.
  C. Conserving natural areas protects our environment.
  D. Small changes in practices can help, rather than harm, the environment.
  E. Grass-fed livestock control weeds without chemicals or mowing.
  F. Science can determine the right amount of fertilizers and pesticides.
  G. Farming removes nutrients and fertilizers or manures replace them.
  H. Farming multiple crops allows farmers to reduce their financial risks by having multiple products to sell.
  

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  “Hot topics” of Sustainable Agriculture
  Sustainable agricultural management (positive case studies analysis from international experience)
  Economic instruments of environmental policy
  Farm business management
  Machinery and technologies for cleaner production
  Environmental protection through best farm practices
  Agricultural and forestry extension education
  Soil management
  Water management
  Labor management
  Food and products quality and safety
  Eco-marketing and eco-labeling
  Pest control
  Control of pollution and degradations of agro ecosystems
  Ecological ethics as source of changing behavior
  

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  The ways of teaching SAM
  
  Multidisciplinary approaches
  
  The main goal of education – to teach the way, tools and mechanisms of an integration of all possible social, economic and environmental factors which could help to achieve the sustainable agriculture
  

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  Rules and Regulations
  While the goal of sustainable agriculture is similarly defined by numerous organizations, there are no strictly defined rules or regulations for farmers to abide by.
  There are standards and certifications for organic farming, which has similarities to sustainable agriculture, but the two not synonymous.
  
  

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  Sustainable forestry - Scientific Publications
  

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  Definition of Forest Land
  
  FAO definition
  1.A minimum area of land of 0.05 –1.0 ha
  2.Tree crown cover > 10 –30 %
  3.Trees with the potential to reach a minimum
  height of 2 –5 m at maturity in situ
  
  Swedish definition
  Land suitable for forest production with no other use and with
  a potential mean production> 1 m3 ha-1 yr-1
  

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  Wildlands
  Peruvian Amazon, Peru
  Credit: © Wendee Holtcamp. <http://www.wendeeholtcamp.com/amazon.htm>
  

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  Wildlands
  Virgin Beech Forest, Ukrainian Carpathians
  

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  Croplands
  Atlas Mountains, Morocco
  Wildlands
  Alaska, USA
  

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  Populated Forest
  Koh Samai, Thailand
  Credit: © Yenit Company Ltd. <http://www.kohsamui.org/seaview.jpg>
  Seminatural
  

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  Populated Forest
  New England, USA
  Seminatural
  Populated Forest
  New England, USA
  

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  Seminatural
  
  Populated Forest
  Carpathians, Ukraine
  

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  Residential Woodlands
  Hunan, China
  Seminatural
  

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  Total World Forest Area by Region
  FAO; 3.9 billion ha total;
  3.7 billion natural; 204 million planted
  

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  Total Forest Area For Major Countries
  FAO
  

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  Definition of ”Forest management”
  
  ”Forest management” is a system of practices for stewardship and use of forest land aimed at fulfilling relevant ecological (including biological diversity), economic and social functions of the forest in a sustainable manner.
  

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  SFM (1993 Helsinki Declaration )
  
  
  “the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems”
  

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  What means “forestry should be sustainable” ?
  *Maintained or increased production
  *Minimize risks for production disturbances
  *Protection of biodiversity, soil, water and air quality
  *Economically viable
  *Socially acceptably (employment, recreation, landscape etc)
  
  

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  FOREST EUROPE
  (The Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe)
  http://www.foresteurope.org
  

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  Signatories:
  46 European
  countries + EU
  
  
  Observers:
  48 countries
  and
  organisations
  
  
  
  Sustainable forest
  management
  in Europe
  
  Voluntary
  cooperation
  
  
  
  FOREST EUROPE – Regional policy process
  
  

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  STRASBOURG 1990
  HELSINKI 1993
  LISBON 1998
  VIENNA 2003
  WARSAW 2007
  V Ministerial Conferences
  Oslo
  June 2011
  Milestones in forest policy development
  in Europe (1990 – ongoing)
  RIO
  1992
  

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  Targets for Swedish sustainable forestry
  Management should include aspects of multiple use
  Reindeer management should not be made difficult
  Forest management includes the entire country
  Biomass production is mainly from conifers but increasing portion deciduous
  Sustainable biomass harvest
  Management adapted to the site conditions
  Regeneration should optimize the capacity of the land for wood volume and quality
  Thinning is done in a correct way
  Damages through pathogenic organisms are minimized
  Management without any unwanted hydrological effects
  Effective use of road systems
  Management with any threats for long term production
  Cultural and landscape perspective
  Special sensitive areas are protected
  Area non-managed land increases
  Land with great culture heritage values is protected
  Forestry contributes to an attractive environment for local people
  
  

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  The Helsinki Process Criteria of SFM
  Maintenance and appropriate enhancement of forest
  resources and their contribution to global carbon cycles.
  
  Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality .
  
  Maintenance and encouragement of productive functions
  of forests (wood and non-wood).
  
  Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement
  of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.
  
  Maintenance and appropriate enhancement of protective
  functions in forest management (notably soil and water).
  
  Maintenance of other socio-economic functions and
  conditions. (10 I.)
  

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  The Montreal process
  The Montreal process criteria of SFM
  Conservation of biological diversity
  
  Maintenance of productive capacity of forest ecosystems
  
  Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality
  
  Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources
  
  Maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles
  
  Maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet the needs of societies
  
  Legal, institutional and economic framework for forest conservation and sustainable management
  
  

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  SFM and Forest Certification
  Sustainable Forest Handling - International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) - 1990
  UNCED–Rio de Janeiro (Earth Summit)-1992
  Montreal Process SFM C&I - 1993
  Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - 1993
  Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) - 1995
  PanEuropean Forest Council (PEFC) – 1999
  CertFor - 2003
  CerFlor - 2004
  
  

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  Forest Stewardship Council
  
  

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  Geographical scope of FSC certification
  Source: FSC, Global FSC certificates: type and distribution, (December 2010)
  

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  Environmental NGOs Support to FSCo FSC
  

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  Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)
  
  

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  Geographical scope of PEFC certification
  Source: PEFC, Annual Review 2009 (Geneva, 2009)
  

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  Criticism of PEFC
  
  Lack of consistency.
  Transparency.
  Indigenous people and environmental groups
  Governed by economical interests.
  Weaker environmental demands.
  
  

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  Baltic Forest Program- http://www.balticforest.net
  
  
  
  
  
  
  The Baltic 21 (Forestry sector) project "Strengthening the role of small-scale private forestry for regional development and spatial planning",
  The project "Northern European Model Forest Network", "NEMFN", was developed to encourage regional development in boreal forest landscapes through a transnational network of model forests, based on the Canadian and now world wide Model Forest concept (40 sites on 5 continents).
  

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  Sustainable Fisheries Are Community-Led –
  http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/958
  

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  Documentaries to watch
  European Forests: Central to the World We Live in
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaKKKdoLc2g&feature=colike
  
  
  Sustainable Forest Management (about Sweden) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFBjWz1ig_c