Муниципальное
общеобразовательное бюджетное учреждение средняя общеобразовательная школа №11
городского округа город Нефтекамск Республики Башкортостан
COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN FAIRY TALES
Author: Kornyakova S.I.
Research adviser: Akhtamova E.Z.
Neftekamsk
2016
Contents
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3
1.1. Elements of Fairy
Tales…………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Types of Fairy Tales……………………………………………………………...8
2. Fairy tales’ Characteristics………………………………………………………..10
2.1. Characteristics of
Russian Folk Tales………………………………………......10
2.2. Characteristics of
English Folk Tales…………………………………………...13
3. Comparative Analysis……………………………………………………………..16
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...19
5. List of Literature…………………………………………………………………..20
Introduction
In our days the English language has
become the international language of communication. Knowledge of English
language has become an integral part of modern life. So reading the English-
language literature is one of the most important aspects of effective learning.
We learn new words and expressions, necessary for us for free communication.
Reading of books, texts in English with an intuitive understanding of
unfamiliar words simplifies the process of learning. And folklore, a genre of
children’s literature, is always considered as one of the most mysterious and
interesting genres. And one of the most popular parts of folklore is a
fairytale. It has got interesting plot, unusual characters and a happy end that
really attracts readers. It is common when Russian native speakers read some
English folk fairytale they start comparing them with Russian one and they
notice some similarities.
It should be said that it is worthy to
study the similarities and the differences between Russian fairytales and
English fairytales. English and Russian folklore belongs to the different kinds
of folklore. One represents the western folklore and another - north-west
folklore. It also shows the difference between their cultures and difference
between people’s mentality. So it makes comparative study of both culture’s
fairytales actual. By examining people will learn more about their own and
others’ heritage, moral world, and lifestyles among different cultural groups
of people. Nowadays when we should pay attention on differences of people’s
cultures and respect it for keeping the world in peace.
The aim of the study is to find out
similarities and the differences between Russian fairytales and English
fairytales.
Object of research - the British and
Russian fairy tales.
Subject of research - similarities and the
differences between Russian and English fairytales.
Research methods: observation, comparison
and analysis.
Research tasks:
The research questions in the study are
presented as follows:
1.
What common elements do fairytales include?
2.
What kind of fairytales exists in both Russian and English cultures?
3.
What are the similarities and differences between two cultures’ fairytales?
The
research work consists of introduction, main part, conclusion and a list of
literature. Main part includes theory of studying types and characteristics of
fairytales and practice of comparing Russian and English fairytales. We have
read nearly 10 fairytales which we have found in websites and in the English
folk tales book adapted for Russians.
1.1.
Elements of Fairy Tales
A
fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional story that usually features folkloric
characters (such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, witches, giants, and
talking animals) and enchantments, often involving a far-fetched sequence of
events. In modern-day parlance, the term is also used to describe to something
blessed with unusual happiness, as in "fairy tale ending" (a happy
ending) or "fairy tale romance", though there are notable examples
and genres of fairy tales that do not end happily. Colloquially, a "fairy
tale" or "fairy story" can also mean any far-fetched story.
Fairy
tales are a genre in literature. They have their roots in the oral tradition.
Fairy tales with very similar plots, characters, and motifs are found spread
across many different cultures. Fairy tales also tend to take on the color of
their location, through the choice of motifs, the style in which they are told,
and the depiction of character and local color.
Fairy
tales are special stories that are different from other kinds of stories. How
can you tell when a story is a fairy tale? Well, there are things in the story
called elements that will help you decide. Let's take a look at some of
the elements of fairy tales. Not every fairy tale has all of these elements,
but a story must have at least a few of them to be called a fairy tale.
The
elements are:
1)
Special beginning and/or ending words
One
of the elements of fairy tales is that they often start and end with special
words like "once upon a time," "a long, long time ago,"
and "they lived happily ever after." When you read those words, you
know that the story could be a fairy
2)
Good character
Fairy
tales always have at least one good character, or person, in the story.
Do
you see a kind, innocent character? Is the good character clever? Is s/he
helped by others?
3)
Evil character
An
example of a bad character is the evil witch in Hansel and Gretel. Do you see a
witch? A demon? An evil stepmother? A sinister gnome? In the end, the evil
character usually loses somehow…
4)
Royalty
Is
there a castle? A prince? A princess? A king? A queen? Very
often, one of the characters is royalty, which means that the person is
a king, a queen, a prince, or princess.
5)
Setting
Another
element of a fairy tale is that the story often takes place in a castle, a
forest, or a town. This is called the setting. The setting is where the
story takes place. Little Red Riding Hood is set in the forest, and part of
Cinderella is set in the castle of the prince.
6)
Poverty
Do
you see a poor working girl, a poor family, a poor shepherd? – Do you see poor
people trying to eke out a living to have enough to eat?
7)
Magic and Enchantments
Magic
is often an element of fairy tales.
Do
you see magical things happening? Do you see talking animals/objects? You might
see fairies, trolls, elves, goblins, etc.
8)
Problem
One
of the most important elements in a fairy tale is that they always have a problem
that must be solved. For example, in the Princess and the Pea, the prince wants
to find a real princess to marry. His mother, the queen, helps him find a real
princess by putting a pea in the bed to find out if the princess can feel it.
9)
Reoccurring Patterns / Numbers
Do
you see any patterns? Often, you’ll see things, phrases, tasks appear in “threes,"
“sixes,” and/or "sevens"
10)
Universal Truths
The
tale probably touches on some universal experiences (i.e., coming of age) or
hopes (i.e., to have enough food and love)
Fairytales
usually have common motifs. They are:
·
Talking
animals / objects
·
Cleverness
/ trickster / word games
·
Traveler’s
tales
·
Origins
~ where do we come from?
·
Triumph
of the poor
·
Human
weakness explored (i.e., curiosity, gluttony, pride, laziness, etc.)
·
Human
strengths glorified (i.e., kindness, generosity, patience, etc.)
·
Trickster
(sometimes a hero, sometimes on the side of evil but humans benefit)
·
Tall
story (slight exaggeration – hyperbole)
·
Magic
words or phrases; repetition of phrases/words (abracadabra!)
·
Guardians
(fairy godmothers, mentors, magical helpers, guides, etc.)
·
Monsters
(dragons, ogres, evil creatures, etc.)
·
Struggle
between good and evil, light and dark
·
Youngest
vs. Oldest (sons, daughters, sibling rivalry)
·
Sleep
(extended sleep, death-like trances)
·
Impossible
tasks (ridiculously mind-numbing, fantastic effort needed to complete, etc.)
·
Quests
·
Gluttony
/ Starvation (there’s a fine line between eating for survival and succumbing to
temptation)
·
Keys,
passes (opening new doors)
·
Donors,
Benefactors, Helpers
Most
children are familiar with a least a few fairy tales. These stories are shared
folk tales that are passed down to children all around the world. They are
often moralistic, told to instill values. Most fairy tales can be divided into
a few broad categories, although some bleed into multiple categories. Fairly
tales are traditionally shared orally or read from books, but many have been
adapted into films or television shows.
In conclusion we can say that all fairy tales have
Common Elements such as:
1.
A fairy tale begins with "Once upon a time...”
2.
Fairy tales happened in the long ago.
3.
Fairy Tales have fantasy and make believe in them.
4.
Fairy Tales have clearly defined Good characters vs. Evil characters.
5.
Royalty is usually present in a fairy tale, a beautiful princess/handsome
Prince.
6.
There may be magic with giants, elves, talking animals, witches or fairies.
7.
Fairy tales have a problem that needs to be solved.
8.
It often takes three tries to solve the problem.
9.
Fairy tales have happy endings – “they all lived happily ever after.”
10.
Fairy tales usually teach a lesson or have a theme.
1.2. Types of Fairy
Tales
1. Animal Tales
A large number of fairy tales feature animals prominently.
Many of these stories are quite old and might also be considered folk tales or
fables. The animals in these stories can often talk and act like people. They
are used to convey simple morals as the animals are symbolic of abstract ideas.
Such stories as "Cat and Mouse in Partnership," "The Billy Goats
Gruff" and any of Aesop's fables fall into this category.
2.Tales of Magic
One motif that figures prominently in a large number of fairy
tales is magic. Most fairy tales present some magical or fantastic element, but
these stories are ones where the narrative is centered on magical elements.
Well-known stories, such as "Rumpelstiltskin" and "The Princess
and the Frog," feature magic spells and supernatural elements. In some
cases, a magical force imprisons characters, while in others; magic seems to be
a device to move the story forward.
3.Monster Stories
In monster stories, the protagonist encounters some sort of
ghoul, ogre, witch or troll. These monsters are invariably the antagonist and
present an obstacle that the hero must overcome. Stories like "Jack and
the Beanstalk" and "Hansel and Gretel" fall into this category.
Monsters may represent punishment for disobeying an authority figure or a
general threat that children should be wary of.
4.Princess Stories
Princesses and other royals figure prominently in many fairy
tales. These stories have been the subject of several film and television
adaptations. These stories often play into children's fantasies about royalty
and often feature commoners marrying royalty or discovering they are royalty
themselves.
Tales
of Russian and Western countries are original, but passing through the epochs
they have common elements and types.
2.
Fairy tales’ Characteristics
2.1.
Characteristics of Russian Folk Tales
Folk tales carry the history, knowledge,
beliefs, and morals of a people for centuries before their societies develop
literature. Folk tales exist in almost every society, but few have such a rich
tradition of storytelling, as do the people of Russia. Full of witches, talking
animals, foolish yet lucky men, and wise people of all ages, Russian folk tales
entertained and enlightened generations of Russians.
Folk tales from Western Europe are often
called Fairy Tales because many stories, such as Cinderella, use fairies as
characters. In Russia, on the other hand, there is no tradition of fairy people
who occasionally appear and help humans. Instead of unreal people, magical
animals or objects more often assist characters in Russian tales. Russian
stories are more likely to be filled with things people see every day than with
fantasy creatures.
Animals play an important part in many
Russian stories. In many tales, they are highly intelligent and able to
communicate with people. A few stories, such as The Wolf and the Goat,
have animals as the sole characters. In most stories, animals are helpers or
advisors to humans. For example, in Prince Ivan and the Grey Wolf, a
young boy is helped on an adventure by a shape-shifting wolf. In Koschei the
Deathless, Prince Ivan goes hunting, but spares three animals (the stories
vary as to which three) that later reappear when he needs help. Unlike Western
stories with magical, unusual, or monstrous creatures, which were never seen
but were believed to exist, Russian stories more often made use of things
commonly seen animals with special abilities.
1) Uncommon Characters
There are three unseen characters that
sometimes make appearances in stories. Possibly originating from the story of
St. George, a few stories feature dragons. Another imaginary animal is the
firebird. Originating in pre-Christian legends, the firebird must have
fascinated Russians as much as it did the characters they told of. One of the
few non-human, non-animal characters that sometimes appear is devil or evil
spirit. Though not commonly encountered in daily life, Russians through the
Russian Orthodox Church knew the devil.
2) Amazing Objects
Talking or animate objects rarely appear
in Russian folklore. An exception is the popular story of Vasilisa the
Beautiful. In it, the witch Baba Yaga has an animated, talking gate and tree.
Her house doesn't seem to be intelligent, but it moves on command. More often,
objects have special properties, which help their users. In story The
Soldier and Death, a wanderer is given a deck of cards with which he wins
every game and a sack that pulls in anything he commands to go inside. Much as
with the animal characters, familiar objects often play an important role in
helping folk tale characters.
3) Wondrous Places
One of the most imaginative aspects of
many Russian folk tales is their locale. Some stories take place in an
underground kingdom. In The Three Kingdoms, a young man is lowered into
an underground land where he finds a copper, a silver, and a gold kingdom.
Often, each place a character passes through is richer and more glorious than
the next. When someone traveled a long way, they were often said to pass
through the thrice-tenth kingdoms. That is, thee groupings of ten kingdoms. The
final kingdom is, according to many tales, a place of magic, but also a place
of evil. It is here that some stories say Baba Yaga and Koschei the Deathless
live. Using common objects or animals in stories, Russian storytellers often
imagined fascinating places to set their stories in.
4) Fascinating People
If the locations were places that common
people could only dream of, many of the characters were drawn from people they
knew well. One of the most common characters is the simpleton who makes good.
In a few stories he is known as Ivan-who-lies-on-the-stove (the stove being the
warmest place in a house). This is always a lazy, good-for-nothing who, through
strength, cunning, or just luck, becomes a hero. Another popular character is
the wise young girl. Often a beauty, this character uses cunning against those
who try to do her harm or place her in difficult circumstances. In Vasilisa
the Beautiful, a favorite of many Russians, a young girl finds herself in
the house of a witch, but manages to escape owing to her quick thinking and
kindness to others. Though most stories are about ordinary people who do great
things, some stories tell of adventurous members of the royal family. Though
these characters hold the highest positions in society, they often are
characterized in the same way as ordinary people. For example, many stories
tell of the adventures of a young prince. Often called Prince Ivan, these
characters often start off as something of a simpleton who finds his way into
adventure. Perhaps because Prince Ivan is young his character still seemed familiar
to the people. The Tsar himself rarely plays anything more than a peripheral
role in any folk story.
No article on Russian folk tales would be
complete without a detailed description of one of Russia's most enduring
characters, the witch Baba Yaga. There are a few other magical people in
Russian folk tales, Koscheibeing one of the best known. But no other character
finds their way into so many stories as Baba Yaga. Baba Yaga lives in the
forest in a house made of bones standing up on chicken legs. Unlike western
witches, who were said to travel on brooms, Baba Yaga travels in a pestle by
banging the mortar up and down. It is also said that she eats children. In many
stories children find her house and must avoid being eaten. The place where
Baba Yaga lives is often described as a place of wonders. As stated above, she
lives in the magical thrice-tenth land. Her horses are said to be the fastest
in the world. Koschei rides one, and Prince Ivan needed one to out run Koschei.
In her home, she has a talking cat, talking horses, talking mice, and a tree
and a gate, which are intelligent and animated. Often the creatures in her home
loath her and help her captive children to escape. In some of the stories
involving children, it is a stepmother or other relative who send them to Baba
Yaga to get rid of them. One can imagine parents telling their children these
tales, and then warning them to behave or Baba Yaga would get them.
5) Religious Influence
It is often said that the Russian Orthodox
Church has been the greatest cultural influence on the Russian people. However,
overtly Christian themes or subjects rarely find their way into folk tales.
When religious symbols or characters do appear they may be mixed with folk
beliefs or practices. Priests occasionally appear in stories, but it is often
their children or grandchildren that the stories focus on. Higher-ranking
clergy who ordinary people would have met only rarely are seldom mentioned.
Perhaps the sacred nature of the Church prevented storytellers from creating
stories with religious themes. Another possibility is that the vast amount of
literature that already existed chronicling the lives of the saints.
Interim conclusion:
Russian folk tales have elements that vary
from the mundane to the fantastic. Most stories feature ordinary people who are
thrust into extraordinary situations. These tales entertained young and old and
helped them to understand their past and present. Many stories held hidden
warnings against greed or bad behavior. Others provided encouragement to people
in difficult situations. Russian folk takes have flowed like a river through
the history of the Russian people, carrying along with them the heart of the
people.
2.2.
Characteristics of English Folk Tales
What
is a fairy tale and whence did it come, and how are we to find its beginning?
Having found it, how are we to follow it down through the ages? How shall it be
classed, what are the available types, which seek to include it and show its
nature? And lastly, what are the books that are to be the main practical
sources of fairy tales for the teacher of little children? The remaining pages
attempt to give some help to the scholars who wishes to increase their
resources with an intelligent knowledge of the material.
Many
times the question, "What is a fairy tale?" has been asked. One has
said: "The fairy tale is a poetic presentation of a spiritual truth."
George MacDonald has answered: "Undine is a fairy tale." Mr. G. K.
Chesterton has said: "A fairy tale is a tale told in a morbid age to the
only remaining sane person, a child. A legend is a fairy tale told to men when
men were sane." Some, scorning to reply, have treated the question as one
similar to, "What poem do you consider best in the English language?"
As there are many tales included here which do not contain a fairy, fairy tales
here are taken to include tales which contain something fairy or extraordinary,
the magic or the marvelous-fairies, elves, or trolls, speaking animals, trees,
or a talkative Tin Soldier.
The origin of the word
"fairy," as given by Thomas Keightley in his Fairy Mythology, and
later in the Appendix of his Tales and Popular Fictions, is the Latin fatum,
"to enchant." The word was derived directly from the French form of
the root. The various forms of the root were:-
Latin - fatum, "to enchant."
French - fee, feerie, "illusion."
Italian - fata.
Provencal - fada.
The word "fairy" was used in four senses. Fairy
represented:
(1) Illusion, or enchantment.
(2) Abode of the Faes, the country of the Fays.
(3) Inhabitants collectively, the people of
Fairyland.
(4) The individual in Fairyland, the fairy
Knight, or Elf.
The word was used in the fourth sense
before the time of Chaucer.
Fairies were identified with nymphs and elves.
The origin of fairy tales is a
question which has kept many very able scholars busy and which has not yet been
settled to the satisfaction of many. What has been discovered resolves it
mainly into four different origins of fairy tales.
Fairy tales are detritus of myth, surviving
echoes of gods and heroes.
Against this theory it may be said that, when
popular tales have incidents similar to Greek heroic myths, the tales are not
detritus of myth, but both have a more ancient tale as their original source.
There was:
(1) A popular tale, which reflected the
condition of a rude people, a tale full of the monstrous and the miraculous.
(2) The same tale, a series of incidents and
plot, with the monstrous element modified, which survived in the oral
traditions of illiterate peasantry.
(3) The same plot and incidents, as they
existed in heroic epics of cultivated people. A local and historical character
was given by the introduction of known places and native heroes. Tone and
manners were refined by literary workmanship, in the Rig Veda, the Persian
King-book, the Homeric Epics, etc.
All scholars agree that some tales
are evidently myths of sun and dawn. If we examine the natural history of
savages, we do find summer feasts, winter feasts, rituals of sorrow for the
going of summer and of rejoicing for its return, anxious interest in the sun,
interest in the motion of the heavenly bodies, the custom of naming men and
women from the phenomena of nature, and interest in making love, making war,
making fun, and making dinner.
Making
a conclusion we can say that in both cultures there were unreal people, magical
animals, fairies, elves or trolls, speaking trees that assist characters.
3.
Comparative Analysis
As it was
said we have read more than 10 fairytales but we have found more common
features in two fairytales called «The bun» («Колобок») и «The Gingerbread Man». So it was decided to make comparison analysis of these two
fairytales.
Main
characters of “The bun” fairytale are: the old man and the old woman, Bun,
hare, wolf, bear and the fox. The characters of «The Gingerbread Man» are: the
old man and the old woman, Gingerbread Boy, piggy, cow, horse, and fox. So as you see
English folk tale includes mostly pets, but Russian tale shows animals living
in a forest.
The problem
of both fairytales is same: Kolobok (Bun) and Gingerbread man want to survive
but animals and people want to eat them.
Character’s appearance
of the main character a little bit differs. In Russian tale: Колобок круглый, по
сусекам поскребен, по амбару метен. Из двух горстей муки, замешан на
сметане, изжарен на масле. (I was scraped from the cupboard, Swept from the bin, Kneaded
with sour cream, Fried in butter, and cooled on the sill.) In English tale: A chocolate jacket and raisins for buttons, and he had currants
for eyes and a cherry for a mouth. (Он плоский со смородинками вместо
глаз, с вишенками вместо пуговок. Похож на маленького человечка.)
As it comes
to the actions they both written in past tense and the actions go one after
another. For example,
Колобка испекли положили на окно
остужаться. Ему надоело лежать на окне, и он покатился
с окна на завалинку, с завалинки на
траву, с травы на дорогу.
… put the bun on the window sill to cool. The bun lay and lay there.
Suddenly it rolled off the window sill to the bench, from the bench to the
floor, from the floor to the door.
|
When
it was time to take the Gingerbread Boy out of the oven, she opened the oven
door, and took out the tin. But
in a moment the Gingerbread Boy jumped on to the floor, and ran out of the
back door and down the road.
Человечек выпрыгнул из
оловянного подноса, выбежал из открытого окна
и побежал по дорожке.
The little old man and the little old woman ran after him.
Герои бегут за
человечком.
|
How characters call each other:
Колобок, колобок, я тебя съем.
"Little bun, little bun, I will eat you up.
Я колобок,колобок, По амбару метён, По сусекам скребен, На сметане мешен, В печку сажен, Я от дедушки ушел, я от бабушки ушел: От тебя, …, не хитро уйти.
I was scraped from the cupboard, Swept from the bin, Kneaded
with sour cream, Fried in butter, And cooled on the sill. I got away from
Grandpa, I got away from Grandma, And I'll get away from you!
|
"Stop, little Gingerbread Boy I want to eat you”
Стой! Стой! Я
хочу тебя съесть.
Run! Run! as fast as you can,
You can't catch me, I'm the Gingerbread Man!"
Беги! Беги! Так быстро
как сможешь ты, не поймаешь меня, потому
что я пряничный человечек.
|
The beginning of fairytales is almost same:
Жили-были Старик со Старухой, и попросил
испечь колобка.
Once there lived an old man and old woman. The old man said,
"Old woman, bake me a bun."
|
ONCE upon a time there was a little old man and a little
old woman, and they lived in a little old house. They hadn't any children, so
one day the little old woman made herself a little boy out of gingerbread.
|
The climax part of Russian fairytale folds between the main
character bun and the fox as well as in English fairytale. It means that in
both cultures a fox is shown like a cunning animal.
Колобок поет, а лиса подкрадывается и
просит его сесть на нос.
Come sit on my snout and sing your song again a little
louder." The bun jumped up on the fox's snout and sang the same song.
|
When he had gone a
little farther, the fox said:
"You may get wet
where you are. Jump on to my shoulder."
Лиса
помогает пересечь реку и предлагает ему
двигаться с хвоста до носа, чтобы не
размокнуть.
|
The end of these two
fairytales is same: bun and gingerbread was eaten by the cunning fox. It
doesn’t wonder that there is popular English idiom: to be as cunning as a
fox which means to be very clever at getting what you want, especially by
tricking someone.
Лиса его – ам!- и съела.
The bun foolishly jumped onto her tongue and- snatch! - she
ate it.
|
As soon as the fox
reached the bank of the river, his teeth snapped at the Gingerbread Boy!
"Oh, I'm a quarter
gone!" said the little Gingerbread Boy.
"Oh, I'm half
gone!" he said a minute later.
"Oh, I'm three
quarters gone!" he said the next minute.
Когда он добрался до
кончика носа, лиса подбросила его в
воздух и съела по кусочкам.
|
The
comparisons of these two fairytales show that there are some similarities and
differences in both countries’ fairytales. Even if they have similar plots they
differ in using specific expressive means of language. The language of Russian
fairytale is more figurative, full of epithets, historicisms and colloquial
speech.
Conclusion
In the result of the
research, we were able to solve the tasks and attain the goal of our research.
We have reviewed the common elements of fairytales, the kinds of fairytales in Russian
and English cultures and the similarities and differences between two cultures’
fairytales. The following conclusion was made:
1) Comparing
the English with a Russian fairytale, we can say despite external similarity of
the plot and characters Russian tale is more lively, bright, and figurative.
2) The Russian fairy tales and English fairytales teach the reader to
distinguish between good, bright start from the evil, to empathize and help, to
believe in justice.
3) Along with
the Russian fairy tales, fairy tales, written in English, provide an
opportunity to learn about the traditions, culture and folklore of the country.
4) We can come across to epithets, onomatopoeia, rhymes, and songs
mostly in Russian fairytales.
5) Both the Russian tale and the English fairy tale have
superimposition of the episode on the episode and repetitions.
6) English
endings are more severe than Russians.
7) Both fairytales characterized with strict sequence of events
8) As Russian fairytales English fairytales are out of real time.
Tales of two countries have the same
elements and types. Russian and English tales have the
same beginnings with “Once upon a time...” and endings – “they all lived
happily ever after”. Fairy tales happened in the long ago. Moreover fairy tales
have a problem that needs to be solved and it often takes three tries to solve
the problem. In both cultures tales have clearly defined Good characters vs.
Evil characters. And despite of different culture and
different languages tales can have the same plots, similar characters or their
plots can differ totally, but they would have a similar moral lesson. Both
cultures have used a variety of unreal people like Baba Yaga, Koschei the
Deathless (in Russian tales) or fairies, elves or trolls (in English tales),
magical animals and trees that are highly intelligent and able to communicate
with people. Fairy tales like a mirror reflect culture, traditions, history and
mentality of the country.
List of Literature
1.
James Stephens, Irish fairytales. Publisher: New York, Macmillian, 1920 - 119
pp.
2.
Joseph Jacobs, English fairy tales. LibriVox’s, 2006
3. Steven Swann Jones, The Fairy Tale: The
Magic Mirror of the Imagination. Routledge New York, 2002 - 159 pp.
4.
http://www.english-time.eu/
5.
http://in.rbth.com/arts/
6.
http://www.kidsgen.com/
7.
http://www.sacred-texts.com
8.
http://en.wikipedia.org
9.
http://www.proshkolu.ru
10.
http://festival.mggu-sh.ru
11.
https://www.pearsonhighered.com
12.
http://www.englishforkids.ru/
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