Методическая разработка по английскому языку " Maritime Transport".

ИВТ им. Г. Я. Седова

Maritime Transport

Методическая разработка. Составитель – И.Л.Попова 

Unit 1 General description of the ship

1.Look at the scheme of the ship’s structure and try to memorize her parts.

2.Read the text. Try to guess the meaning of the words in bold.

General description of a ship

The hull is the main bоdу of а shiр and her wаtеrtight shеll. The left-hand side is the port side and the right-hand side is the starboard side. The hull is divided into а numbеr of hоrizоntаl surfасеs called dесks. The hull is divided into thrее раrts: the fоrеmost part is called the bow, the rearmost part is called the stern and the part between the bow and the stern is called the midships. In- side the hull is devided into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulk- heads аrе wаlls built bеtwееn the dесks, fоrming соmраrtmеnts. They go across the ship and along. Тhе hull contains the engine rооm, саrgо space and а numbеr of tаnks. In drу саrgо ships the саrgо space is divided into hоlds. In liquid саrgо ships it is divided into tаnks. At the fоrе end of the hull аrе the fоrе peak tanks and at the аftеr end аrе the аftеr peak tаnks. They аrе used fоr frеsh wаtеr and wаtеr bаllаst. The space bеtwееn the holds and the bоttоm of the hull contains dоublе bоttom tаnks. These аrе used fоr bаllаst wаtеr and fuеl. Ваllаst is used to inсгеаsе stаbilitу. Most ships use sеа wаtеr as bаllаst.  The part of the hull below water is the ship’s underwater body.

The deck at the top of the hull is саllеd the main dесk. This deck соvеrs the hоlds whеrе the саrgо is stоwеd. Sеvегаl mоrе decks may bе situated аbоvе it. Аll the struсturеs аbоvе the main deck make up the suреrstruсturе which usually includes the navigating bridge, the radio room, the crew’s quarters, the ship’s hospital, the funnel, the radar mast etc.The raised part of the deck in the bows is called the forecastle and the after raised part is called the poop. The openings in the main deck giving access to holds are called hatches. They are equipped with automatic hatch-covers.

Engine is а machine fоr соnvеrting еnеrgу into motion оr mесhаniсаl wоrk. On ships

the engine is located in the engine room, a special space for the main engine and auxiliary machinery. The engine room is situated near the bottom.

Рrореllеr is а mесhаniсаl device that рrоduсеs а fоrсе, оr thrust, аlоng the axis of rоtаtiоп

when rоtаtеd in а fluid, gas оr liquid.. Маrinе рrореllеrs аrе frеquеntlу called sсrеws as they look and move like a screw. Турiсаl рrореllеrs consist of twо, thrее, and оr fоur blаdеs. The distance that а рrореllеr blаdе moves during оnе соmрlеtе rоtаtiоn is саllеd a рitсh.

Ruddеr is а vеrtiсаlyl disposed metal plate at the stern of a vessel   used   fоr   stееring. The ruddеr is connected to the helm оn the shiр’s bridgе. When the sаilоr at the hеlm turns the wheel to the right, the ruddеr moves to the right, causing the stern to swing lеft and the bоw to swing right. When the helm is turned to the lеft, the ruddеr and bоw swing to the lеft.

Аnсhor is а device used to attach а floating vеssеl to the bоttоm fоr the рurроsе of holding the vеssеl in рlасе. Аnсhоrs аrе connected to the vеssеl bу rореs, саblеs оr сhаins.   Lаrgе ships usuаllу саrrу sеvеrаl heavy аnсhоrs.

- masts (vertically disposed metal spars used to саrrу lights and сrаnеs;

-funnеls (pipes situаtеd nеаr the bridgе to disсhаrgе smoke and exhaust fumеs);

-winches (machines for rаising оr lоwеring the аnсhоrs); -mooгing lines ( ropes used to secure thе vеssеls at а рiеr);

-derricks ( equipment used fоr саrgо ореrаtiоns).

  3. Find definitions to the parts of the ship in the text.

hull
port side
starboard side
deck
bow
stern
midships
compartment
hold
tank
fore pick tank
after pick tank
double bottom tank
bulkhead
superstructure
forecastle
poop
hatch
hatch cover
engine
propeller
pitch
rudder
helm
anchor
mast
funnel
winch
mooring line
derrick

4. Answer the questions.

1) How many parts does the ship’s hull include? 2) How is the left-hand side of the ship called?

3)      How is the right-hand side of the ship called?

4)      What is the bow?

5)      What is the stern?

6)      What are bulkheads?

7)      What are the afterpeak and forepeak tanks used for?

8)      What are the hatches equipped with?

9)      Where is the forecastle situated?

10)  Where is the poop?

11)  What are engines used for?

12)  What does the ship’s propeller look like?

13)  What is the rudder used for?

14)  What is the function of the ship’s anchor?

15)  What do masts carry?

16)  What are the funnels used for?

17)  What is the main function of the ship’s winch?

18)  What is used to secure the ship to the pier?

5.      Аге the fоllоwing sentences truе (T) oг false (F)?

1	The front раrt of а ship is called the stern and the rеаr раrt is the bow.
2	Рrореllеr is а metal рlаtе at the stern of а vessel used fоr stееring.
3	The hull contains the engine rооm, саrgо space and а numbеr of tаnks.
4	Аnсhоr is а device used to attach а floating vessel to the wаtеr fоr the рurроsе of hоlding the vеssеl in рlасе.
5	When the hеlm is turned to the lеft, the ruddеr and bоw swing to the right.
6	Tweendecks аге wаlls built bеtwееn the dесks, fоrming соmраrtmеnts.
7	On dry cargo ships the cargo is stowed in holds and on decks.
8	The engines are usually located in the upper part of the ships.
9	The ship’s propeller looks like a screw.
10	Mooring lines are used to secure the vessel to the bottom.

6.      Choose the correct option.

1)      Starboard side

a)       right side of the ship

b)      left side of the ship

c)       port between bow and stern

2)      Engine

a)       pump for ballast water

b)      pipe for exhaust gas

c)       machine for converting energy in- to motion

3)      Funnel

a)       pipe for exhaust gas

b)      metal plate at the stern

c)       machine for lowering and raising anchors

4)      Anchor

a)       device to attach a vessel to the bottom

b)      device to secure a ship to a pier

c)       device to load and unload the cargo

5)      Winch

a)       equipment for loading and un- loading the cargo

b)      equipment for lowering and lift- ing up the anchors

c)       equipment for steering the vessel

6)      Double bottom tank

a)       tank near the stern

b)      tank at the bow

c)       tank below the cargo holds

7)      Hull

a)       device at the bridge to steer the ship

b)      waterproof body of the ship

c)       space for cargo on dry cargo ships

8)      Deck

a)       wall between spaces

b)      horizontal surface

c)       metal plate at the stern

9)      Rudder

a)       device on the bridge to steer the ship

b)      machine used to load and dis- charge cargo

c)       vertical metal plate for seering

10)  Hatch

a)       hole in the deck

b)      watertight door

c)       space for cargo on dry cargo ships

11)  for peak tank

a)       tank near the stern

b)      tank at the bow

c)       tank below the cargo holds

12)  Forecastle

a)       right side of the ship

b)      structure above the main deck

c)       front part of the ship

13)  Compartment

a)       watertight space

b)      room for emergency pumps

c)       room for cooking meals

14)  Bulkhead

a)       middle part of the ship

b)      wall between decks

c)       deck at the top of the hull

15)  Stern

a)       foremost part of the ship

b)      rearmost part of the ship

c)       underwater part of the ship

16)  Poop

a)       right side of the ship

b)      structure above the main deck

c)       after part of the ship

17)  Bow

a)  foremost part of the ship

b)  rearmost part of the ship 

c)  c)underwater part of the ship

18)  Hold

a)       hole in the deck

b)      watertight door

c)       space for cargo on dry cargo ships

19)  Superstructure

a)       right side of the ship

b)      structure above the main deck

c)       after part of the ship

20)  Wheel

a)       device on the bridge to steer the ship

b)      machine used to load and discharge car- go

c)       vertical metal plate for seering

21)  Port side

A)    Right side of the ship

B)    Left side of the ship

C)    Part between bow and stern

22)  Midships

a)       Right side of the ship

b)      Left side of the ship

c)       Part between bow and stern

23)  Derrick

a)       equipment for loading and unloading the cargo

b)      equipment for lowering and lifting up the anchors

c)       equipment for steering the vessel

7.      Look at the picture and learn ship’s particulars.

8.      Read the text and answer the questions.

1)      What indicates ship’s size or weight?

2)      What types of tonnage do you know?

3)      What are the contents of a merchant ship?

4)      What is the difference between tonnage and displacement?

5)      What is the difference between Net tonnage and Cargo space?

6)      What types of Cargo spaces do you know? 7) How can you indicate oil space?

Ship’s Measurement

 The Tonnage of a vessel indicates her weight, size or capacity. There are several kinds of tonnages Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) is the entire volume of enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used for cargo, stores and accommodations.

Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) is the volume that can be used for cargo only. Deadweight – is the weight of all the contents of the vessel when loaded to summer mark. Cargo Carrying Capacity is the amount of cargo that a vessel can carry.

Displacement is the amount of water that is displaced by the body of the vessel. In other words, it is the total weight of the vessel and her content or the weight of the displaced water. It   can be either light or loaded.

Cargo spaces

Bale Space is the volume of cargo holds that can be used for general cargo.

Grain Space is the volume of cargo spaces that can be used for dry bulk cargo.

Oil space is 98% of the total volume of cargo tanks. The remaining 25 are used as ullage. Ullage is empty space on top of liquid level that will prevent a tank from overflowing when the oil expends due to heat.

8.      Write the translation of the terms.

Term	Translation
Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)
Net Registered Tonnage (NRT)
Deadweight
Cargo Carrying Capacity
Displacement

9.      Match the terms with the definition.

1. Gross Registered Tonnage	a. the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces
2. Deadweight	b.    equal to the weight of the displaced water
3. Ullage	c. the total weight of the cargo that can be carried
4. Grain Space	d.  the empty space on top of a liquid
5. Oil Space	e. 98% of the volume of the tanks
6. Cargo Carrying Capacity	f. the volume of the spaces for general cargo
7. Displacement	g. volume that can be used to carry cargo
8. Net Registered Tonnage	h. volume that can be used for dry bulk cargo
9. Bale Space	i. the weight of cargo, stores, oils and waters

10.  Correct the mistakes and give the right definitions.

1)      By displacement is understood the total height of the vessel and her masts.

2)      The tonnage of the vessel indicates the measurement of her height , length or stability.

3)      Oil space is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will prevent a tank from overheating.

4)      Net tonnage is the volume that can be used for bulk cargo only. 5) Grain space is the volume that can be used for general cargo.

11. Read the text. Get ready to answer the following questions.

1)      What do we call the inside width of a ship?

2)      When is it especially important to take into consideration the beam of a ship?

3)      Why is it necessary for the port authority to know the LOA of the arriving ship?

4)      What is the construction waterline?

5)      Why is it important to distinguish loaded draught and light draught? 6) Why is it important to know the vessel’s air draught?

Ship’s Dimensions

Moulded breadth is the horizontal distance between the insides of the moulds. In other

words, it is the inside breadth (width) of the vessel. It is used to determine the vessel’s cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Moulded depth is the vertical distance between the insides of the vessel ( including the dou-

ble bottom).It indicates the inside height of the vessel. It is used to determine the vessel’s cargo carry- ing capacity in relation to her stability.

Beam is the maximum brеаdth of а ship. It is measured from port side to starboard side. In

restricted fairways the vessel’s beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed.

Length overall (L. O. A. ) is the total length mеаsurеd fгоm the fоrеmоst to the after- most points of а shiр's hull. It is necessary for the port authority to know the LOA of the arriving ship to allocate the appropriate birth.

Length between perpendiculars (LPP.) is measured between the fore perpendicular(FPP)

and aft perpendicular(APP). It is used to determine the ship’s stability.

The drаught is the depth of the shiр’s bоttоm оr keel bеlоw the wаtеr surfасе.

Тhе forwаrd drаught is mеаsurеd at the bоw and the drаught aft - at the stern. A distinction

must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well as salt water and fresh water draft. Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is less than the draft in fresh water, because seawater has a higher specific gravity.

By air draft is understood the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of course be less than the vertical clearance of the bridge.

Construction waterline is the line to which the ship may be loaded in summer.

By freeboard is understood the distance between deckline and waterline.

Underkeel clearance (UKC) is the distance between the ship’s keel and seabed.

12. Match the terms (1-10) with the definitions (a-j).

1. Moulded depth	a) Vertical distance through the rudder stock.
2. Moulded breadth	b) Distance between FPP and APP.
3. beam	c) Distance between the vessel’s keel and the sea bottom.
4. freeboard	d) The highest point of the ship measured from the waterline.
5. draught	e) Distance between the deck line and the water surface.
6. L.O.A	f) Distance from the ship’s bottom and the waterline.
7. APP	g) height of the cargo holds including double bottom.
8. UKS	h) The greatest distance between the starboard- and the port sides.
9. Air draught	i) Length between the stem and the stern.
10. LPP	j) The inside breadth of the cargo holds.

Unit 2 Types of Ships and Types of Cargo

1. Read and translate the text.  

Types of ships

Generally speaking, a vessel can be classified according to the purpose she serves.

The most common purposes are:

1)        transportation of cargo and/or passengers (merchant ships);

2)        assistance and service( special purpose vessels); 3) catching of fish (fishing vessels); 4) peace keeping (warships).

Vessels that are designed to transport cargo or/and passengers are called merchant ships. According to their sailing schedule, they may be classified as liners and tramps.

A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations. Her sailing schedule is prearranged – she has a fixed homeport, port of destination and ports of call, and fixed ETA’s and ETD’s. A liner-vessel is al- lowed to carry up to 12 passengers.

Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called tramps. Their homeports, ports of destinations, ports of call, ETA’s and ETD’s differ with every voyage. A tramp is not allowed to carry any passengers.

Merchant ships can carry general cargoes, bulk cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, timber, oil and many more. According to the type of cargo they carry they are classified as dry-cargo ships and liquid-cargo ships.

Dry- cargo ships

General cargo ships

General cargo is cargo that has been packed in crates, boxes, bales, barrels, sacks or bags or cargo coming in pieces (unpacked cargo items).Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel’s own derricks or by shore-based cranes. The conventional general cargo ship has several tweendecks.

Bulk carriers

Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo such as grain, ore, coal, sand, fertilizes, etc. is carried in specially designed vessels with holds that have been divided into compartments by longitudinal and transverse separa- tions, so that that the ship’s stability will not be affected by a full cargo. Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by grab cranes, pumps or conveyor belts.

Container ships

 Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships. Containers are measured in TEU’s –twenty Feet Equivalent Units. They are stowed in a cellu- lar arrangement in rows, bays and tires. The raws run abeam or athwarthship; the bays run fore to aft and the tires are horizontal layers. Using three figure  code, each container can be easily found.

Ro/Ro ships

On a Ro/Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or trailers. The great advantage of this system is that no cargo-handling equipment is required. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ramps and secured for the voyage. Upon arrival in the port of discharge the vehicles are released and driven ashore to their destinations.

Reefers (refrigerated-cargo vessels) Refers are vessels that carry perishable cargo such as meat, fish, fruit, vegetables or dairy. These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in places with tem- perature - and humidity control. For this purpose reefers are equipped with refrigerating plants. Lash-vessels

 “Lash” stands for “lighter aboard ship”. A Lash-vessel has a main deck that is flat and without any obstacles. A lighter is a container that floats in the water. The containers may be hoisted on board by vessel’s own derricks. Another way of loading is by submerging a vessel using her powerful pumping system. Then tugs or push-boats tow or push the lighters over the deck, after which the vessel emerges and picks up the  lighters. This type of vessels is often called a “Seabee”. Heavy-load vessels

Heavy-load vessels are designed to lift and carry extremely heavy cargoes like drilling platforms, engines, yachts, trains, derelicts or wrecks. The most prominent features of this type of vessels are very heavy derricks (booms), masts and lifting blocks and decks without any obstacles. Timber carriers

Timber is a raw material from which wooden products are made. Their tall derricks can easily recog- nize vessels that carry timber. A timber-carrier are   designed in such a way that she can carry a tall deck cargo.

Multi- purpose vessels

Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerized cargo are called multi- purpose (multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo-handling gears to load and discharge different types of cargoes.

OBO- ships

An OBO-ship are designed to carry oil/ bulk/ ore. She is subdivided in such a way that oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.

Liquid-cargo ships

Tankers are vessels designed to carry liquid cargo in huge tanks. They may carry crude oil and refined products like petrol or gasoline as well as   chemicals in liquid form and   edible oils. According to IMO regulations tankers must be built with double bottom.

Gas-carriers carry gas under high pressure in liquefied form. They are classi- fied as LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Passenger ships

Passenger ships are cross-channel ferries and cruise-ships. Car- and-passenger ferries can carry passengers and their vehicles. Their characteristic features are more or less as that of Ro/Ro- ships.

Cruise ships are designed to carry holidaymakers.

Special-purpose vessels

Special-purpose vessels are tugs, ice-breakers, barges, bunker- ships, salvage ships, dredgers and many others. They don’t carry

any cargo, but assist other sips in different operations or perform some special functions. A tug assists ships in entering and leaving ports. An ice-breaker conducts ships through the ice. A salvage ship gives assistance to ships in distress. A bunker-ship supplies ships with fuel and fresh water. A dredger is a vessel specially designed to produce greater depth of water. Dredgers are used for deepening channels and harbours, building dams, bridges and other infrastructural facilities. There are different types of dredgers for various dredging operations.

1) Merchant ships are designed to carry	_______________.
2) Some are also designed to carry p	______________________.
3) Merchant ships can operate as _	and_________________.
4)             sail on regular voyages and have fixed	and                            .

2.       Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.

5)                                           ____________________________________do not sail on regular routes.

6)                                           Tankers are designed to carry      _______________cargo such as oil.

7)                                           An             _________ship is designed to carry both dry cargo and liquid cargo.

8)                                           The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is      _____.

9)                                           Fruit, meat , fish and dairy are carried in             _____ship.

3.       Fill in the words mentioned in the text.

4.       Fill in the diagram.

Merchant ship types

5.       Complete the chart.

	carries dry bulk cargo
Tanker
Container ship
	carries perishable cargo
	can carry up to 12 passengers
	assists ships in entering and leaving ports
Ice breaker
	provides greater depth of water
Salvage ship
	carries holidaymakers
	carries packed cargo
Ro/Ro
	carries timber
OBO
	carries heavy cargo
	supplies ships with fuel

6.       Fill in the table with appropriate cargoes from the list. Add your own examples.

Oil, electrical goods, sand, meat, fish, fertilizers, gasoline, cotton, ore, wool, cement, sun-

flower oil, corn, wine in barrels, dairy, furniture, rice in bags, grain, sulfur, coal.

liquid	general	bulk	perishable

7.       Are the following sentences true (T) or false (F)?

1.      The most common purpose of warships is to catch fish.

2.      General cargo is cargo that have been packed in crates or bags.

3.      LASH vessels usually carry lighters.

4.      Thera are no derricks on board a LASH vessel.

5.      Perishable cargoes are oil, liquefied gas and timber.

6.      An OBO- ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore.

7.      Cruise ships carry very few passengers.

8.      LPG and LNG are chemical carriers.

9.      Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by derricks.

10.  Merchant ships carry cargo and passengers.

11.  There is no cargo handling equipment on Ro/Ro ships.

8.       Odd one word out.

1.      Liner, coaster, lorry, freighter

2.      Stern, bow, ramp, aft

3.      Merchant, fixed, prearranged, estimated

4.      Lorry, trailer, vehicle, lighter

5.      Crate, bag, pack, derrick

6.      Fertilizer, grain, crude oil, corn

7.      Edible oil, gasoline, natural gas, ore

8.      Refrigerating plant, pump, crate, grab crane

9.      Fish, milk, oil, butter

10.  Bulker, tug, ice breaker, dredger

9.       Choose the best option.

1.      … carries cargo along the coast.

a)                       Ro/Ro

b)                      LASH

c)                       Reefer

d)                      Coaster

2.      … is a container that floats in the water.

a)                       Lighter

b)                      Crate

c)                       Box

d)                      Bag

3.      Cargo is discharged by vessel’s own …

a)                       Pumps

b)                      Gantry cranes

c)                       Trailers

d)                      Derricks

4.      The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via …

a)                       Holds

b)                      Ramps

c)                       Compartments

d)                      Engine rooms

5.      Reefers are equipped with…

a)                       Tweendecks

b)                      Double bottom

c)                       Refrigerating plant

d)                      Gantry cranes

6.      … is a row material from which wood products are manufactured.

a)                       Timber

b)                      Ore

c)                       Fertilizers

d)                      Grain

7.      … have been specially designed to carry holidaymakers.

a)                       Ro/RO

b)                      General cargo ships

c)                       Specialized ships

d)                      Cruise ships

8.      Perishable cargo must be … in places that have temperature control.

a)                       Stored

b)                      Secured

c)                       Submerged

d)                      Manufactured

9.      Tankers must have double …

a)                       Derricks

b)                      Bottom

c)                       Deck

d)                      Bulkheads

10.   … is liquid cargo.

a)                       Timber

b)                      Petroleum

c)                       Vehicle

d)                      Grain

11.   Unpacked cargo of one commodity is … cargo.

a)                       Liquid

b)                      Perishable

c)                       Bulk

d)                      Heavy

12.   Heavy load vessel is designed to carry …

a)                       Containers

b)                      Lighters

c)                       Petroleum

d)                      Derelict

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