Проекты учащихся по английскому языку на тему "Традиционные способы изучения английской лексики"

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  Evpatoria 2015
  The project on the topic “Some traditional ways of learning English words
  by Elzara Memetova
  , form 8
  

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  I have been studying English for some years and I like it. It gives me the chance to plunge into another culture and open many new things,get a lot of bright impressions.
  Not every person can learn English easily.The difficulty is the necessity of learning many new words. In my opinion the every day volume is very big.But scientists proved that learning a foreign language a person can keep in mind up to seventy words while we usually can hardly remember only twenty.
  It is explained by the fact that we don`t use special methods of keeping words in mind.As for me I can hardly remember some phrases and words though I know that without knowing vocabulary it is impossible to learn speaking English. There are a lot of difficulties in learning vocabulary . That`s why it is necessary to think of different ways of remembering them.In my work I would like to study and find the most effective variants of remembering new vocabulary for me and for my friends.As a matter of fact,there had been many researches on this problem already . Many psychologists,teachers and even students had studied this problem before . That`s why it wasn`t difficult for me to find the information I needed. I`d like to note that having worked with the primary sources I pointed out the most unusual forms of learning English words .Having done the survey I defined the most effective ways of remembering new words.
  

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  Thus,the aim of my project was to learn some traditional ways of remembering English words and recommend the most effective ones to my classmates.
  The tasks of my project were:
  1. to open the conception «memory» , its sorts ;
  2. to study different ways of keeping English words in mind ;
  3. to expose the strategies of remembering new words by the students of my class;
  4. to find the most effective traditional methods of learning words , formulate advices on keeping the words in mind for my classmates.
  
  
  

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  The significance of this work for me is the following : I have been studying English for seven years and I think that studying the English language is not only amusing work. It is also the key to success in future. It goes without saying that I plan to connect my future profession with the English language. That`s why this work has great significance for me. I defined my own way of remembering new words. Therefore despite the great number of all possible recommendations on this question this project has my own advices and here are given some ways of remembering words.
  

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  Chapter one. Theoretical part
  
  1.1 The meaning of the words «memory», its varieties.
  With the beginning of my work I turned to the textbook on general psychology edited by R. S. Nemov who defined the word memory as «mental activity which is revealed in fixing and further reproduction of what has already been fixed in the man`s consciousness». Due to the memory we have the possibility of constant expansion of our knowledge and use it when needed . The meaning of memory in human life is great. Without it no activity is possible . Sechenov I.M. points out that our feelings and perceptions disappear without memory and let the man stay in the position of a newborn child.
  Memory is the main condition of successful studying and education . If a man has problems with his memory he will have educational problems, problems of working activity and even problems of getting the simplest everyday skills .Memory problems may cause problems in forming and development of human personality . In some cases with memory disintegration personal disintegration begins.
  

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  So, memory is the reflection of the person`s past experience by the way of keeping in mind and further reproduction of his or her feelings , thoughts and images, which the person had perceived before.
  According to the textbook of R.S. Nemov there are the following kinds of memory:
  Immediate memory (iconic) is the memory which reflects the informational image perceived by feeling senses . It lasts from 0,1 to 0,5 seconds.
  Short memory keeps general image of perceived information for a short period of time (for about 20 seconds).The most important part of the short memory is its electivity . Only the information the person is interested in can be kept in the short memory . In Edison`s opinion the brain of the average person doesn`t perceive the thousandth part of things which are seen by his or her eyes.
  Executive memory keeps information for definite time which is necessary to fulfill an act or an operation. Executive memory lasts from several seconds to several days.
  Long lasting memory is able to keep information for practical endless period of time . In practice long lasting memory is connected with thinking.
  Genetic memory is given from generation to generation . It`s evident that human influence to this kind of memory is very limited.
  There are also motive, visual, acoustic, emotional and other kinds of memory.
  

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  Visual perception predominates. Thus, for example, we often know the person by his appearance , though we cannot remember his name . Visual memory is responsible for keeping and reproduction of visual images. It is connected with the developed imagination because a person can easily keep in mind and represent only the things which he or she can visually imagine. There is a Chinese proverb «it is better to see once than to hear a thousand times». Dail Carnegi explains this phenomena by the fact that «nerves leading from eyes to the brain are twenty-five times thicker than those which lead from the ear to the brain».
  Acoustic memory means keeping in mind and reproduction of different sounds such as musical or vocal. Special variety of acoustic memory consists of orally-logical memory which is connected with the word, thought and logic.
  Motive memory means remembering and keeping and if necessary reproduction of different complex movements. It takes part in forming of motive abilities. The example of motive memory is manuscript text reproduction which as a rule means automatic writing of learned symbols.
  

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  Emotional memory is the memory of experience. It takes part in the work of all kinds of memory but is displayed in human relations . The stability of keeping in mind is based on the emotional memory . If a person feels bright emotions learning something new he or she will keep in mind new material without any difficulty and for a long lasting term.
  The possibilities of sensible, olfactory , taste memory and other kinds of memory are very limited in comparison with visual, acoustic, motive and emotional memory and they don`t play any definite role in a person`s life. All the above mentioned kinds of memory only characterize sources of initial information and are not kept in mind . In the process of reproduction the information undergoes different changes : sorting, selection , generalization , coding , synthesis and other kinds of information processing.
  

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  1.2 Difficulties in remembering English vocabulary.
  Many students ask themselves why it is difficult to learn English words. I am not the exception. Many scientists explored this question and came to the following conclusions:
  firstly, a new English word is the exact information . It means it is the information which must be learned fully. It is impossible to pronounce an English word approximately or partially. And it is evident that exact information is learned badly . Only 20 % of cramming is kept in mind . Knowing this memory peculiarity our ancestors created mnemotechnique-the art of learning. In our days mnemotechnique is enriched by new ways , methods and techniques.
  secondly, learning English word causes difficulties because of wrong word organization . Most books and dictionaries directed on forming of word supply are composed in alphabetical order. And this kind of order is convenient in finding words , not on their learning and keeping in mind .
  thirdly, keeping English word in mind causes difficulties if you remember the word without a context. Besides, difficulties with remembering are connected with the polysemantic character of English words.
  
  
  

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  fourthly, keeping English words in mind causes difficulties because of wrong consequence of remembering . An English word consists of three points:
  1) writing , 2) pronunciation , 3) translation .
  Remembering words in this consequence is recognizing. It means you need to see the written word or hear it to recall its translation. That`s why we understand foreigners but can`t say anything to them. We can`t say a word because we can`t recall the translation of the word quickly.
  M.B. Lavrenyuk in his article suggests in this case:
  ~ to group English words in topics and situations;
  ~ to learn English words in the context when the English word has only one translation;
  ~ to learn words in the correct consequence: translation-pronunciation-writing.
  
  

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  Flashcards is the most popular method of learning words among many students . On one side of the card you write the word, on the other side you write the translation , transcription and for example illustrating the word. Cards may be of different colors and can be grouped into topics , parts of speech and so on . You can pile cards and take them with you to public transport , to work ,to the park and wherever you like and look them through at every opportunity looking at the English word and trying to remember what each of them means. If you don`t remember a word you can turn over the card and read the translation and the example once more.
  

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  Flashcards-stickers is a very popular method among 20-40 aged people and also among those who begin learning English . You should stick flashcards with English words on all objects in your flat . During the following several daysyou can stop your eyesight on the stickers and repeat the words .
  Tales. This method is available to experienced people who know English on the medium or high level. With the help of ten new words you should make up a story and write it in English.
  Active communication with English-speaking people. This method was pointed out by students who socialise with the help of Skype with the English speaker . It is said that the best way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a foreigner.
  Method of remembering with the help of a computer programme. Nowadays this method is very popular among active computer users and is considered to be effective and modern method of learning new words . Asked participants pointed out such programmes as programme Lex which is a lexical trainer providing learning and remembering foreign words during the work on the computer . The programme is regularly activated . There are also other programmes as of learning vocabulary such as Self LN, EZ Memo Booster , Repeng and others.
  

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  Mikhail Shestov`s method. This method is the following : you print from 3 to 5 lines of a foreign text simultaneously pronouncing the word and imagining its image . Thus writing and pronunciation of the word are connected with the meaning . This way is very original.
  Il’ya Frank’s method of reading is a new and unusual way of remembering foreign words. In the books of Il’ya Frank one extract is repeated twice : the first time it is followed by translation , the second time in its original way. The method teaches reading in a foreign language . Words are remembered mainly in passive voice . But they are remembered very good because they appear in different contexts with different shades of meaning.
  
  
  

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  2.3 My recommendations on best remembering of English vocabulary .
  ~You should put the aim of learning words.
  ~You should read the word attentively several times.
  ~You should single out rules of the word . Repeat them .
  ~Read the words in the dictionary every day .
  ~Write down the words in order of repetition .
  ~Draw imagination of subjects and actions which these words mean.
  ~Recollect the place where you saw the word last ( in your copy book in the textbook , on the blackboard).
  ~Create your own associations in order to remember words.
  ~Remember words which consist of several words.
  ~Begin remembering verbs recollecting their conjugation.
  ~Write down international words.
  ~Single out words met in our every day life.
  ~Use teaching programmes if possible.
  

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  Conclusion .
  Studying numerous literature materials and working at this topic I realized the actuality of this theme. The significance of studying English is growing nowadays . We know that many of us feel difficulties in remembering foreign vocabulary. In my project I have studied usual ways of more successful remembering foreign words and gave recommendations about work with new words. There are a lot of traditional methods of learning words which can be combined according to peculiarities of the pupil. Much depends upon the abilities of the student . Nevertheless each person can learn vocabulary . In order to quicken the process it is important to learn words in the most appropriate way which uses all kinds of memory.