Programming on Algorithmic Languages

• 1 слайд

  Programming on Algorithmic Languages
  Week 1
  

• 2 слайд

  1.1 General Notes About C++ and This Course
  Course geared toward novice programmers
  Stress programming clarity
  C and C++ are portable languages
  Portability
  C and C++ programs can run on many different computers
  Compatibility
  Many features of current versions of C++ not compatible with older implementations
  2
  

• 3 слайд

  1.1 General Notes About C++ and This Course
  What do you need?
  Books:
  C++ How to Program, Fifth (fourth) Edition By H. M. Deitel -  Deitel & Associates
  C++A Beginner’s Guide By Herbert Schildt
  Absolute C++ By Walter Savitch
  IDE:
  Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 (Express or Professional editions)
  Sites:
  http://cplusplus.com/
  http://e-practice.org
  http://www.iitu.kz/
  Your Mind (Brain)
  

• 4 слайд

  1.2 Introduction to C++ Programming
  C++ language
  Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to computer program design
  Following several examples
  Illustrate many important features of C++
  Each analyzed one statement at a time
  Structured programming
  Object-oriented programming
  4
  

• 5 слайд

  1.3 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
  C++ systems
  Program-development environment
  Language
  C++ Standard Library
  
  5
  

• 6 слайд

  1.3 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
  6
  Phases of C++ Programs:
  Edit
  Preprocess
  Compile
  Link
  Load
  Execute
  
  Primary
  Memory
  
  CPU takes each
  instruction and
  executes it, possibly
  storing new data
  values as the program
  executes.
  
   
  
  CPU
  
  .
  .
  .
  
  .
  .
  .
  
  Program is created in
  the editor and stored
  on disk.
  
  Editor
  
  Disk
  
  Preprocessor program
  processes the code.
  
  Preprocessor
  
  Disk
  
  Compiler
  
  Compiler creates
  object code and stores
  it on disk.
  
  Disk
  
  Linker links the object
  code with the libraries,
  creates a.out and
  stores it on disk
  
  Linker
  
  Disk
  
  Loader
  
  Primary
  Memory
  
  Loader puts program
  in memory.
  
  .
  .
  .
  
  .
  .
  .
  
  Disk
  
  

• 7 слайд

  1.3 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
  Input/output
  cin
  Standard input stream
  Normally keyboard
  cout
  Standard output stream
  Normally computer screen
  cerr
  Standard error stream
  Display error messages
  7
  

• 8 слайд

  1.3 A Simple Program:
  Printing a Line of Text
  Comments
  Document programs
  Improve program readability
  Ignored by compiler
  Single-line comment
  Begin with //
  Preprocessor directives
  Processed by preprocessor before compiling
  Begin with #
  
  8
  

• 9 слайд

  9
  1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
  2 // A first program in C++.
  3 #include <iostream>
  4
  5 // function main begins program execution
  6 int main()
  7 {
  8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
  9
  10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
  11
  12 } // end function main
  
  Welcome to C++!
  Single-line comments.
  Preprocessor directive to include input/output stream header file <iostream>.
  Function main appears exactly once in every C++ program..
  Function main returns an integer value.
  Left brace { begins function body.
  Corresponding right brace } ends function body.
  Statements end with a semicolon ;.
  Name cout belongs to namespace std.
  Stream insertion operator.
  Keyword return is one of several means to exit function; value 0 indicates program terminated successfully.
  

• 10 слайд

  1.31 A Simple Program:
  Printing a Line of Text
  Standard output stream object
  std::cout
  “Connected” to screen
  <<
  Stream insertion operator
  Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
  Namespace
  std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace” std
  std:: removed through use of using statements
  Escape characters
  \
  Indicates “special” character output
  10
  

• 11 слайд

  1.31 A Simple Program:
  Printing a Line of Text
  
  
  
  
  11
  

• 12 слайд

  12
  1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
  2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
  3 #include <iostream>
  4
  5 // function main begins program execution
  6 int main()
  7 {
  8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
  9 std::cout << "to C++!\n";
  10
  11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
  12
  13 } // end function main
  
  Welcome to C++!
  Multiple stream insertion statements produce one line of output.
  

• 13 слайд

  13
  1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
  2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
  3 #include <iostream>
  4
  5 // function main begins program execution
  6 int main()
  7 {
  8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";
  9
  10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
  11
  12 } // end function main
  
  Welcome
  to
   
  C++!
  Using newline characters to print on multiple lines.
  

• 14 слайд

  1.4 Variables
  Variables
  Location in memory where value can be stored
  Common data types
  int - integer numbers
  char - characters
  double - floating point numbers
  Declare variables with name and data type before use
  int integer1;
  int integer2;
  int sum;
  Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
  Comma-separated list
  int integer1, integer2, sum;
  14
  

• 15 слайд

  Variables
  Variable names
  Valid identifier
  Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
  Cannot begin with digit
  Case sensitive
  
  15
  1.4 Variables
  

• 16 слайд

  1.5 Memory Concepts
  Variable names
  Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
  Every variable has name, type, size and value
  When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous value
  Reading variables from memory nondestructive
  
  16
  

• 17 слайд

  1.5 Memory Concepts
  std::cin >> integer1;
  Assume user entered 45
  
  std::cin >> integer2;
  Assume user entered 72
  
  
  sum = integer1 + integer2;
  
  17
  integer1
  45
  integer1
  45
  integer2
  72
  integer1
  45
  integer2
  72
  sum
  117
  

• 18 слайд

  1.6 Data types
  C and C++ have four basic built-in data types, described here for binary-based machines.
  char is for character storage and uses a minimum of 8 bits (one byte) of storage, although it may be larger.
  int stores an integral number and uses a minimum of two bytes of storage.
  The float and double types store floating-point numbers, usually in IEEE floating-point format. float is for single precision floating point and double is for double-precision floating point.
  18
  

• 19 слайд

  1.6 Data types
  19
  

• 20 слайд

  1.6 Data types
  Specifiers
  Specifiers modify the meanings of the basic built-in types and expand them to a much larger set. There are four specifiers:
  Long
  Short
  Signed
  Unsigned
  20
  modify the maximum and minimum values that a data type will hold.
  tell the compiler how to use the sign bit with integral types and characters (floating-point numbers always contain a sign).
  

• 21 слайд

  1.6 Data types
  The exact sizes and ranges of values for the fundamental types are implementation dependent.
  The range of values a type supports depends on the number of bytes that are used to represent that type.
  Consider a system with 4 byte (32 bits) ints.
  signed int type, the nonnegative values are in the range 0 to 2,147,483,647 (231 1).
  signed int type, the negative values are in the range 1 to 2,147,483,648 (231).
  unsigned int on the same system would use the same number of bits to represent data, but would not represent any negative values.
  21
  This is a total of 232 possible values
  values in the range 0 to 4,294,967,295 (232 1)
  

• 22 слайд

  1.6 C++ Data Types
  The guaranteed
  minimum range for
  each type as
  specified by the
  ANSI/ISO C++
  standard
  
  
  22
  

• 23 слайд

  1. C++ Data Types
  23
  60,000 is within the range of an unsigned short int, but is typically outside the range of a signed short int . Thus, it will be interpreted as a negative value when assigned to i.
  

• 24 слайд

  1.7 Arithmetic
  Arithmetic calculations
  *
  Multiplication
  /
  Division
  Integer division truncates remainder
  7 / 5 evaluates to 1
  %
  Modulus operator returns remainder
  7 % 5 evaluates to 2
  24
  

• 25 слайд

  1.7 Arithmetic
  Rules of operator precedence
  Operators in parentheses evaluated first
  Nested/embedded parentheses
  Operators in innermost pair first
  Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
  Operators applied from left to right
  Addition, subtraction applied last
  Operators applied from left to right
  
  25
  

• 26 слайд

  1.7 Arithmetic
  26
  

• 27 слайд

  1.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
  if structure
  Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
  If condition met, body executed
  Else, body not executed
  Equality and relational operators
  Equality operators
  Same level of precedence
  Relational operators
  Same level of precedence
  Associate left to right
  27
  

• 28 слайд

  1.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
  28
  

• 29 слайд

  1 //
  2 // Using if statements, relational
  3 // operators, and equality operators.
  4 #include <iostream>
  5
  6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
  7 using std::cin; // program uses cin
  8 using std::endl; // program uses endl
  9
  10 // function main begins program execution
  11 int main()
  12 {
  13 int num1; // first number to be read from user
  14 int num2; // second number to be read from user
  15
  16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
  17 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
  18 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers
  19
  20 if ( num1 == num2 )
  21 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl;
  22
  23 if ( num1 != num2 )
  24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
  25
  using statements eliminate need for std:: prefix.
  Can write cout and cin without std:: prefix.
  Declare variables.
  if structure compares values of num1 and num2 to test for equality.
  If condition is true (i.e., values are equal), execute this statement.
  if structure compares values of num1 and num2 to test for inequality.
  If condition is true (i.e., values are not equal), execute this statement.
  29
  

• 30 слайд

  30
  26 if ( num1 < num2 )
  27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
  28
  29 if ( num1 > num2 )
  30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
  31
  32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
  33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "
  34 << num2 << endl;
  35
  36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
  37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
  38 << num2 << endl;
  39
  40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
  41
  42 } // end function main
  Statements may be split over several lines.
  

• 31 слайд

  31
  Enter two integers, and I will tell you
  the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
  7 is equal to 7
  7 is less than or equal to 7
  7 is greater than or equal to 7
  Enter two integers, and I will tell you
  the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
  22 is not equal to 12
  22 is greater than 12
  22 is greater than or equal to 12
  

• 32 слайд

  Readings:
  C++ How to Program, By H. M. Deitel
  Chapter 1. Introduction to Computers, the Internet and World Wide Web
  Chapter 2. Introduction to C++ Programming
  

• 33 слайд

  33
  Thanks for your attention!