Районная учебно-исследовательская
конференция «Юность. Наука. Культура»
Секция
(направление): Английский язык
Миграция: факты
и
цифры
Migration: Facts and Figures
Автор работы:
Ершов Виктор Анатольевич,
обучающийся 9б класса
МОУ СОШ №6
Руководитель:
Мартьянова Тамара Михайловна
Кондопога
2013
Contents
I.
Introduction.
The aims of the research……………………………………………………3
II.
Migration
in Russia……………………………………………………………………….4
1.The history of migration……………………………………………………………………4
2. The portrait of an immigrant……………………………………………………………….5
3. The situation in Karelia……………………………………………………………………6
4. The reasons of emigration…………………………………………………………………7
5. Schoolchildren’s intentions………………………………………………………………..8
III.
Conclusion….……………………………………………………………………………10
IV.
Resources
used…………………………………………………………………………...11
V.
Supplements………………………………………………………………………….…..12
I.
Introduction. The aims of the research
Population movements occurred and occur internationally.
The mass media, that is TV and newspapers, pay steady attention to the
migration question. Migration causes many problems which some countries are
facing nowadays. One of them is illegal flows of migrants who are like
unexpected guests for the host countries. Another major problem is that
migrants create their own communities and prefer following their own laws and
rules not taking into account the fact that “when in Rome, do as the Romans
do”.
The aims of the research.
The work under consideration aims to look
at the process of migration in our country through figures and facts and show
different points of view, that is: historical, economical, political,
physiological ones. The author also will try to show advantages and disadvantages
of mass migration nowadays and express the author’s opinion on this process.
For achieving these objectives
first of all the author of the work will study the history of migration in
Russia, then we will describe the portrait of an immigrant. After that, it will
be introduced the situation in Karelia. At the end of the work we will try to
make the forecast of migration in Kondopoga, according to school
leavers’ intentions.
So, the research under consideration aims
to look at the process of migration in our country through figures and facts
and try to see what there is more: advantages or disadvantages in population
movements.
.
II. Migration in Russia
1. The history of migration
The
grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
The word “migrate” comes from Latin
word “migratus” which means “to move from one place to another”. One should
note a difference between the words “immigrate” and “emigrate”. If a person
removes into a country of which one is not a native for the purpose of
permanent residence, he or she is an emigrant for his mother country and an
immigrant for a host country.
There were periods in human history
when there was a mass migration or exodus for example when the Israelites were led
by Moses from Egypt.
Russia is not an exception. Traditionally
we can divide the Russian emigration into 5 waves. The first one (1918-1923) is
called the white emigration, which military men and civilians ran away from
Revolution of 1917, the Civil War and also from hunger. The second wave
(1941-1945) – when people were made to leave the USSR during and after the
Second World War. The third wave (1948-1990) is called the emigration of the
Cold War. The number of people is approximately half a million. The fourth wave
(1990 up to the downfall on the USSR). The fifth wave is taking place nowadays.
The main factors are – searching for a better life, and seeking asylum, either
for political reasons or law.
We can also add that over the past 2
decades there has been a movement of people from smaller settlements and rural
districts to metropolitan areas. The most mobile age-group within Russia are
young adults in their eighteens when many young people leave their parental
home to study, work a set up their own home. The young are always and
everywhere the most mobile, but in Russia the proportion of migrants under 30
is particularly large. The losses in European Russia are mainly absorbed by
Moscow and St. Petersburg.
A lot of people are leaving the
country in attempt to establish themselves in other parts of the world, where
their peace and security, better living conditions are provided for. “Ubi bene,
ibi patria”
(where it goes well with me, there is my fatherland – from Latin.). In 2012
year the most attractive countries for emigrants from Russia are Canada (25%),
Australia (14%), the USA (9%), Germany (7%), Czechia (5%) and New Zealand (4%).
(See supplement I)
The Chairman of the Accountant Council Sergei
Stepashin declared that since the beginning of 2012 year 10.250.000 Russians
have emigrated. It can be called exodus. The last wave of emigration was fixed
only after the revolution of 1917. Then, about 2mln. people left Russia
2.
The portrait of an immigrant
According to the data of the Universal
World Bank Russia holds the 2nd place in the world in number of
immigrants. There are about 12 mln. of them now. The high level of immigrants
is in Moscow and Moscow region, St. Petersburg and Leningradsky region, also in
the Urals and Siberia. Most of the immigrants are from the former Soviet
Republics in Central Asia.
Every
day dozens of planes and trains from Central Asia arrive in Russia, with new
immigrants
As we can see from this table the
majority of the immigrants – 85 percent come from Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan and
Uzbekistan. 90 percent of them are men. Most of them – 74 percent are under 30.
71 percent have secondary and special education. 66 percent speak Russian badly
or don’t know it at all. 67 percent of the immigrants work either in construction
branch of economy or in trade. 85 percent of them belong to Muslim religion.
The immigrants earn good salaries. Most of their incomes they send to their
homelands; to their families.
3. The situation in
Karelia
It is not better than in other parts
of our country. 5, October 2012 the head of Karelia A.Khudilainen during the
discussion of the “Concept of Karelia’s development up to 2017” mentioned
that оne of the main indicator of standards
of living is the migration process.(See supplement II) He said: «If
people do not go away and, оn
the contrary, come to this area, so that's all right with this government»
Тhе
population
of Karelia became 150 thousand people less than it was in 1990 year. Under the
data of the Karelia government the cause of it not only the high death rate but
also immigration from the republic. «Young people leave Karelia in connection
with lack of the prospects for self-realization in the region». (government
session 30.10.2012)
According to the data published in the
newspaper Vezdekhod November 1, 2012 issue.
|
inflow
|
outflow
|
balance
|
January – September
2011
|
3962
|
4510
|
-548
|
January – September
2012
|
5205
|
5763
|
-558
|
We can see that since 2011year 1106 people left
Karelia for other places.
And if we take into account that
|
Fertility
|
Mortality
|
Balance
|
January – September 2012
|
5936
|
7273
|
-1337
|
We get the number of 2443. For a year
and a half the population in Karelia declined (both emigrated and death).This
information is presented according to the research made by the sociologist E.S.
Krasinets.
The government of Karelia intends to
reduce the outflow of the population of working age from the one hand and to
make the conditions to attract qualified personnel, especially young migrants,
on the territory of the Republic in the most demanded areas (health, education,
agriculture) from another hand.
4. The reasons of
emigration are
Recently during the talks in the
Legislative Assembly the government official Evgeni Shorokov mentioned that in
the last 8 years the population of Karelia declined by 72.000 people. Though Karelia
still remains a relatively young republic. There are 161.000 people aged from
15 to 29 years old. According to sociological researches 49 percent of the
young people are not going to connect their lives with Karelia. Among the
reasons of the outflow he stated the following a low accessibility of dwelling,
unemployment and defiance of perspective labour places.
The reasons of migrations we can see
in economy, policy, psychology. The author of the work can’t analyze objectively political and economic reasons, so that he will
try to study psychological ones.
The method of the research is
questionnaires. The subject of study is
the schoolchildren` intentions, the objects are the pupils of school #6.
Six years ago the author of the work took
part in the conference. The topic of the research was: «Kondopoga: Yesterday,
Today, Tomorrow». The aims of that research were to study actual interests of
the pupils from Class 3 school #6, to know their future plans, to make the forecast
of the Kondopoga’s development; using questionnaire of that
class, according to the pupils ‘ wishes and propositions.
5.
School children’s intentions
We all seek what is better.
It was found the
geography of immigration in Kondopoga, on example of that class’ families. 83%
of the pupils, 60% of their parents, 40% of their grandparents were born in
Kondopoga. Other came from different regions. (See supplement III)
Now
the author has a good opportunity to ask the same questions to the
ninth-grade students and to the pupils of primary school for comparison the results and understanding changes in kid’s mind happened during
last years.
It is obvious that if
person has enough opportunities to realize himself, he won’t find another place
for living. So, first of all, it was necessary to clear up children`s hobbies.
Sport was on the first place (15) than computer (7), crafts (5) and music (2).
They liked swimming, skating, skiing, hockey, basketball, football, chess and
gymnastics. Now hobbies maybe aren’t changed: sport (21), computer (10),
crafts (2), but sport interests differ. The ninth-graders go in for swimming,
skiing, dancing, basketball, football and bodybuilding. Modern fourth
graders like sport (10), dancing (3), singing (3), music (2), drawing (3),
lessons (1), historical swordsmanship (1), modeling (1), beadwork (1). It can
be concluded that young
people in Kondopoga have a wide range of sport and out-of-school
activities. (See supplement IV)
The next question to
analyze migration process in Kondopoga is: What do you like/dislike in the
town? Six years ago: schoolchildren wrote that their native town was beautiful
(5), our streets were clean (6) and green (2). 4 pupils liked everything in it.
7 pupils admired the Ice Palace, 4 pupils – the Palace of Arts, 3 - the
swimming pool, others liked fountains, ski lodge, children’s center, school and
the Lenin’s square.
Now they say that the
town is small (9), dirty (6), with bad roads (3). There are no entertainment
centers (6). There is the high level of an employment (2), there are no enough
opportunities (3). 9 students don’t like living in Kondopoga at all. But 4
students like everything. The Ice Palace is their favourite place (10), the Palace
of Arts occupies the second place (3), stadium (3), children’s center (1), Youth Cultural Centre
(1).(See supplement IV)
The pupils from primary
school like everything in Kondopoga (5) and 2 pupils don’t like to live here.
There were no such answers in 2007. Only two pupils were delighted with the Ice
Palace, The Carillons (2), nature (1), school (1), the Uspenskaya church (1),
skiing lodge (1), new children’s playground (1), the Lenin’s Square. They also
note short-comings of Kondopoga: there is a lot of litter (5), ecological
problems (5), burnt houses (2).
Six years ago
schoolchildren didn’t see such minus of the town. In 2007 they missed only
attractions (10), circus (2), zoo (2), beach (2), theater (1). And eight of
them thought that they had everything they need in Kondopoga. (See supplement
IV)
We have to state the fact that most students are not satisfied with their life in Kondopoga. We also need information about future students' profession to produce an objective forecast of
migration. So in 2007 year 8 pupils wanted to be servicemen, 7
– sportsmen, 3 – teachers, 2 – engineers, 1 – newscaster, 1 – hairdresser, 1 – engine driver, 1 – businessmen, 2 – policemen, 2-
doctors, 1 – programmer, 3 – didn’t know. In 2012 year 5 students – don’t
know, 6 – doctors, 4 – lawyers, 4 – mechanics, 2 – sportsmen, 2 – programmers,
a cosmonaut, a champion, a teacher, a journalist , a driver, a builder, a
translator. In 2012 year the fourth grade pupils chose another professions: 2
– servicemen, 3 – teacher, 2- actress, a president, a cook, a boss, a
scientist, a director, a cosmonaut, a vet, a businessmen, a champion, an
engineer, a singer, a jeweler, only one pupil doesn’t know. (See supplement
IV)
The schoolchildren choose
demanded jobs. It is explained by economical reason. They think about their
career and financial success. Analyzing these results we can make the
conclusion that migration will go on, and people will leave Kondopoga not only
for studying but for working too.
The main questionnaire’s
item is: where would you like to live? In 2007 year the pupils of the 3rd
form: 3 – didn’t know, 15 – Kondopoga, 4 – Moscow, 3 – Petrozavodsk, 3 –
Saint-Petersburg, 1 – Sochi. Now only 3 students of Class 9 remember about
Kondopoga, 11 students choose Saint-Petersburg, 2 – Moscow, 4 – Petrozavodsk, 9
– abroad, 1 – doesn’t know. In 2012 year the pupils of the 4th form:
8 - Kondopoga, 4 – Petrozavodsk, 3 – Moscow, 2 – Petersburg, 1 – Angarsk, 1 –
village, 6 – abroad.(See supplement IV)
The
author of the research gave a short questionnaire to the 10-11 grades of school
number 6 concerning their intentions after graduating from school. The
questions were the following: - If you are going to get further education in
Karelia and choose the republic for permanent residence; - If you intend to get
further education in St. Petersburg or Moscow and stay there for residence; - If
your plans coincided with your possibilities what country you would choose for
getting education and further permanent residence. Students’ answers were
anonymous. The result was predictable; they reflect what one can read in a
daily press.
So out of 31 entries 18 students want to
get further education and settle in St. Petersburg and Moscow. 8 students are
going to try to get education in other countries and stay there for living.
Finland is mentioned 3 times. Among other countries they name Czechia, Germany,
Austria and even Japan. (See supplement V)
Among of 86 entries: 36 pupils want to
live in Petersburg and Moscow, 23 pupils want to live abroad and only 16 pupils
want to live in Kondopoga.(See supplement VI)
In spite of the fact that children from
Kondopoga had a wide choice of different activities they see the real situation.
So they plan their future life according to their wishes and needs.
III.
Conclusion
Without access to the original data, the
author had to resort to an indirect method: the survey of a daily press. It is
a well-known fact that it forms public opinion. The result of the author’s research
is obvious. The figures speak for themselves. Between 2000 and 2012 net
migration changed the number of the population both in Russia in general and in
Karelia particularly.
Advantages
of migration.
If a person cannot find a job in his
local area, the best option may be to look for a job in another place, to move
to an area with better living conditions, to get new educational opportunities.
Disadvantages of migration.
Sometimes migrants must leave behind
family members and friends. Migration brings people to new geographies and new
climates and many of them have trouble acclimating to major changes in climate.
People contact with entirely new ways of life, culture, language.
Most of the immigrants in Russia as well
as in Karelia belong to Muslim Central Asian or the Caucasian people. The
troublesome circumstances of life drive many people from these regions away
from their native land in search of a better livelihood and a brighter future.
These people usually settle down in their own language communities. Sometimes
they have a low level of education; they are often inexperience, most of them
work in the field of construction and in trade behave as if they are hosts;
they follow their own rules and laws and don’t respect the natives. Everybody
in this town remembers the events of 2007, when there was a fight between the
local young people and non-residents. The results were dramatic.
On the other hand, the best educated young
people try to leave Russia and Karelia.
The scale of the migration process is
increasing and our officials should make quicker decisions, otherwise the
consequences may be deplorable.
The research showed that we have great
potentialities to change the situation for the better. It is proved by the
opinions of schoolchildren and people who migrated to this town from different
regions and living here for many years.
IV. Resources used
1.
New
Webster’s Dictionary of the English language, Surjeet Publications, 1989
2.
The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia, Cambridge University Press, 1982
3.
Karelia.
Facts and Figures, E. Zypkin, M. Gvozdeva, O. Hramtsova, Petrozavodsk, «KGPU»,
2008
4.
Red
Exodus, Mayme Sevander, Duluth, U.S.A., 1996
5.
Russian
– English dictionary of winged words. I. A. Walshe, V. P. Berkov. Moscow –
“Russky Yazyk”, 1984
6.
Толковый словарь русского языка под
редакцией профессора Д.Н. Ушакова, Москва «Терра», 1996
7.
Кондопога: что это было? М.Григорьев,
Москва, издательство «Европа», 2007
8.
Gubernia,
№33, №34, №35, 2012
9.
Arguments
and Facts, №43, №39,
№52,
2012
10.
Vezdekhod
(newspaper), №41, 2012
11.
http://www.gov.karelia.ru/
12.
http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=8835
13.
http://www.znatnado.ru/
14.
http://www.gumer.info
Supplements
Supplement
I
Supplement
II. Emigration from Karelia
In the “Concept of Karelia’s development up to 2017”
the head of Karelia A. Khudilainen mentioned the following facts.
|
St. Petersburg and
Leningrad Region
|
Karelia
|
Population
|
7 mln. people
|
600.000 people
|
Stand in a queue to Finland for permanent settlement
|
20
|
200
|
According to the data published in the newspaper Vezdekhod
November 1, 2012 issue.
Supplement III. The map
of migration of our class’ families
Supplement IV. The result of
questionnaires
1. What’s your hobby?
Year
|
Class
|
sport
|
computer
|
crafts
|
music
|
others
|
2007
|
III
|
15
|
7
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
2012
|
IX
|
21
|
10
|
2
|
1
|
-
|
2012
|
IV
|
10
|
-
|
4
|
8
|
3
|
2. What do you like in our town?
Year
|
Class
|
Everything
|
Ice
Palace
|
Palace
of Art
|
Swimming
pool
|
Carillons
|
Others
|
Beautiful
(green,
clean)
|
2007
|
III
|
8
|
7
|
4
|
3
|
-
|
5
|
13
|
2012
|
IX
|
4
|
10
|
3
|
3
|
-
|
2
|
-
|
2012
|
IV
|
10
|
2
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
10
|
-
|
3. What do you dislike in our town?
Year
|
Class
|
Negative attitude
|
Small
|
Dirty
|
Bad roads
|
No entertainments
|
Unemployment
|
Ecological
problems
|
2007
|
III
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
15
|
-
|
-
|
2012
|
IX
|
9
|
9
|
6
|
3
|
6
|
2
|
-
|
2012
|
IV
|
2
|
-
|
8
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
4. What is your future profession?
5. Where would you like to live?
Year
|
Class
|
Don’t know
|
Kondopoga
|
Moscow
|
Petrozavodsk
|
Petersburg
|
Abroad
|
Other cities
|
2007
|
III
|
3
|
15
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
-
|
2
|
2013
|
IX
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
11
|
9
|
5
|
2013
|
IV
|
-
|
8
|
3
|
4
|
2
|
6
|
2
|
Supplement V. School-leaver’s intentions
Supplement VI. Future permanent residence
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