The Role of Periodical Press in the Formation of Alash Autonomy
Historical events may be more accurately assessed after a certain time. Considering the Alash Orda movement from the perspective of today, it should be noted the sagacity and courage of the advanced Kazakh intelligentsia. The difficult path of the Kazakh people to independence began in the last century with the activities of the Alash party. Newspapers and journals called on the people to unite the struggle for independence. Many thoughts of progressive youth remained relevant a hundred years later. The need for education by the general population of Kazakhstan was one of the main ideas of educators at all times.
Achievements of modern Kazakhstan would be impossible if statehood, the Kazakh language, national customs and traditions were not preserved in the past. All this was carefully passed from generation to generation, reflecting the rich world of the Kazakh people.
In the XIX –XX centuries, talented Kazakh youth aspire to get an education. In Kazakhstan at that time there were only madrasahs and teacher seminaries. Therefore, they had to study in Russia. The predominant position was held by St. Petersburg , the capital of the Russian Empire and Moscow.Moscow State University graduated from Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov and Khalel Gabbasov. B.Karataev, B.Syrtanov, B. Kulmanov, R.Marsekov, Zh. Akbaev, M.Serdalin, M. Shokai studied at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. Alikhan Bukeikhan studied at the Imperial Academy Forestry Institute. The St. Petersburg Medical Academy graduated from S. Asfendiyarov, H. Dosmukhamedov and S. Shalimbekov. 37 Kazakh students studied at Kazan University. Among them are A. Birimzhanov, A. Aldiyarov, B. Mametov. [1]
Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was the students who formed the color of the Kazakh intelligentsia. In Russia, they joined the political movement, created political parties and associations with revolutionary ideas against the colonial policy of tsarism. The main impetus for the creation of the Alash movement was the desire of enlightened youth for democracy, the acquisition of sovereignty, the idea of state autonomy of Kazakhstan appeared. Initially, the ideas of the Alash orda movement were formed in student circles and groups. The events of the first Russian revolution served as an impetus to the growth of national identity of the Kazakh intelligentsia.
The events in St. Petersburg in 1905 forced Nicholas II to publish the Manifesto on October 17, 1917, according to which the opportunity appeared to create political parties. Petitions were sent to the Russian government from all over the steppe in which the people asked to stop the policy of colonization, open schools with the Kazakh language of education and publish newspapers in the Kazakh language, nominate deputies to the Duma from the Kazakhs. The result of such appeals was the election to the Russian Duma as deputies of A. Bukeikhanov, S. Zhanturin, A. Kalmenov, M. Tynyshbaev and many others. [2]
The publication of M. Dulatov’s book “Oyan, Kazakh!” Became an important moment for the growth of national identity. The book was reprinted three times in the period 1909-1911 and was very popular in the steppe. The author of the book was detained for criticizing the tsarist government. The printed word at that time carried enlightenment to the people. The foundation was laid by the Kazakh Newspaper, published in 1907 in Troitsk. The newspaper was closed immediately after the first issue. The same fate befell the newspaper Serke Petersburg. The Kazakh intelligentsia used the printed word to spread advanced ideas, against the policies of the tsarist government, and the spread of revolutionary ideas.
Another page in the history of the Kazakh periodical press was opened by the Aykap magazine in 1911. The chief editor was Mukhamedzhan Seralin, poet, journalist, enlightener. The magazine was published in Troitsk until mid-1915. A total of 88 issues were published. The situation at that time was difficult. The Kazakh people suffered under the yoke of colonial rule. The best representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia were not then able to change anything. Then the way was chosen to create the own press, which became the voice of the people.
The Kazakh newspaper was published in 1913-1918. 265 issues were publisheshed with a circulation of 3 thousand copies. The newspaper talked about the benefits of agriculture, the equal rights and freedom of the eastern women, and examined the problems of interethnic relations. In 1917, the Saryarka newspaper, edited by R. Marsekov, H. Gabbasov, began to appear in Semipalatinsk. On December 12, 1917, A. Ermekov’s article “Long live Alash, long live!” was published, in which it was printed the decision of the Second All-Kazakhstan Congress to declare the autonomy of Alash Orda.
The appearance of the first Kazakh periodicals was an important step towards gaining state independence. The appearance of the national periodical press was the merit of the best sons of the Kazakh people of that time, such as Mukhamedzhan Seralin, Akhmet Baitursynov, Myrzhakyp Dulatov and many others. The years 1905-1917 became a period for the Alash party to enter the political arena and a period of gaining authority among the Kazakh people. As Mustafa Shokai said, 1917 is the year of the birth of Kazakh politics. [3]
It was in this year that the Alash party was formed. Autonomy was proclaimed on December 12, 1917, Alash lasted only two years and three months, but this time went down in the history of the Kazakh people as a red thread.
From the very beginning of participation in socio-political life, the Alash party considered the achievement of two goals to be its main tasks:
1) the liberation of the Kazakh people from the colonial yoke;
2) ensuring the entry of Kazakh society into the civilized world community.
By its social nature, the Alash party was a political organization of the Kazakh national democratic intelligentsia. After leaving the political arena, the figures of the Alash movement in the 1920s made a significant contribution to the development of culture, science and the national economy of Kazakhstan.
Active participants in the movement were repressed in the process of the Bolsheviks' struggle with the “enemies of the people” in the late 1920s and 1930s. The members of Alash Orda were rehabilitated in 1955, but for another thirty years they remained outside of official history The creative heritage of A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, Sh. Kudaiberdiev, M. Zhumabaev was rehabilitated only in 1988-1989 by the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Gradually, the names of the leaders of the Alash party were returned to the people, their works were published.
The ideas of Alash personalities of the last century were realized after Kazakhstan gained independence. It had been a long way.
The members of Alash were devoted to those eternal values that today we need most: love for the Motherland and its people, disinterestedness, honesty and honor, respect for work and knowledge, fidelity to duty, self-righteousness. That is why today it is important to know about those who sacrificed their lives for the interests of the people, foresaw the bright future of an independent people.
Literature:
1.
Koygeldiyev M., Dvizheniye Alash. Volume 1, Almaty, Mektep.2008, p.480
2.
Ozganbay O., State Duma of Russia and Kazakhstan (1905-1917), Almaty.2006,
p.320.
3.
Dvizheniye Alash. Collection of documents and materials. Almaty (Alash), 2004,
Vol.1
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