The Congress of the United
States is a legislative branch of the United States government. Congress is
composed of two chambers with equal powers: the 100-member Senate and the
435-member House of Representatives. The primary duty of Congress is to write,
debate, and pass bills, which are then passed on to the president for approval.
Once the president approves the legislation, the executive branch enforces the
new laws and the judicial branch interprets them. Other congressional duties
include investigating pressing national issues, supervising the executive and
judicial branches, and shaping U.S. foreign policy.
The Constitution of the
United States grants Congress “ all legislative powers” in the national government.
Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution lists a wide range of congressional
powers, including printing money, declaring war, and regulating interstate and
foreign commerce. Congress also controls federal taxing and spending policies.
Congress shares many
powers with the president. Congress takes equal responsibility with the
president in framing U. S. foreign policy. The president and his
representatives negotiate treaties with other countries, but the treaties go
into effect only when the Senate approves them.
Similarly, the president
appoints ambassadors, federal judges, and many other government officials, and
shaping U. S foreign policy.
Congress also shares
control over the military with the president. Congress has the authority to
declare war and provide funding for soldiers and weapons, but the president
server as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
The Constitution limits
congressional power. The original articles of the Constitution and the Bill of
Rights – the first ten amendments to the Constitution – forbid Congress to pass
some types of laws. The First Amendment, for example, prevents Congress from
creating a national religion. It also declares that Congress Cannot violate
certain basic freedoms such as freedom of the press, speech, association, and
petition.
Music is part of
virtually every culture on Earth, but it varies widely among cultures in style
and structure. Many people feel that music makes life worth living. It gives us
pleasure , soothes, excites, or cheers us up. Music can be happy, sad,
romantic, sleepy – all kinds of things. But what is it? Some people define it
as an artful arrangement of sounds across time. Our ears interpret these sounds
as loud or soft, high or low, rapid and short, or slow and smooth. The sounds
need to continue for a time in some sort of pattern to become music. Music,
1.________, is a uniquely human form of communication with well- developed
rules of construction much like grammar. Most ancient Greek philosophers
believed that listening to music based on positive modes in use at the time
was beneficial to the development of a young person’s character , and warned
against listening to music based on certain other modes because it would have
harmful effects. For centuries Chinese beliefs about music were influenced by
the philosophy of Confucius 2 __________
As with language ,
there are many different kinds of music such as jazz, rock, classical, folk,
country, and many other kinds of music. Each kind of music has its own rules
and “ speaks’ to us in its own way. Today, many cultures divide music
3_________. Art music, 4__________, is more complicated than the music of the
people – folk music and popular music. Art music is generally harder to write
and perform. Musicians, 5.__________need a lot of training. Popular and folk
styles typically are easier to create, perform and understand. No one knows for
sure 6_________.Music goes along with many of our activities. We dance to
music, sing songs, or exercise to music, we hear music in cars and stores. 7___________,
so music is part of our lives.
A.
who perform it
B. like language C.
according to which music was not to entertain but to purify one’s thoughts.
D.
into art music and music of the people
E.
when music began
F.
Music entertains us and accompanies many important
occasions
G.which
we call classical music
Music is part of
virtually every culture on Earth, but it varies widely among cultures in style
and structure. Many people feel that 1_________ . It gives us pleasure ,
soothes, excites, or cheers us up. Music can be happy, sad, romantic, sleepy –
all kinds of things. But what is it? Some people define it 2____________. Our
ears interpret these sounds as loud or soft, high or low, rapid and short, or
slow and smooth. The sounds need to continue for a time in some sort of pattern
to become music. Music, like
language
is a uniquely human form of communication with well- developed rules of construction
much like grammar. Most ancient Greek philosophers believed that listening to
music based on positive modes in use at the time was beneficial to the
development of a young person’s character , and warned against listening to
music based on certain other modes 3_______
For centuries Chinese
beliefs about music were influenced by the philosophy of Confucius. according
to which music was not to entertain but to purify one’s thoughts .
As with language ,
there are many different kinds of music such as jazz, rock, classical, folk,
country, and many other kinds of music. Each kind of music has its own rules
and “ speaks’ to us in its own way. Today, many cultures divide music into art
music and music of the people. Art music,4_________ is more complicated than
the music of the people – folk music and popular music. Art music is
generally harder to write and perform. Musicians, who perform
it
need a lot of training. Popular and folk styles
typically are easier to create, perform and understand. No one knows for sure
5____________ .Music goes along with many of our activities. We dance to
music, sing songs, or exercise to music, we hear music in cars and stores. Music
entertains us and accompanies many important occasions, 6_____________
A . which we call classical
music
B . so music is part of our
lives
C . as an artful
arrangement of sounds across time
D .because melody and rhythm
are two basic elements of music
E . when music began
F . music makes life worth
living
G . because it would have
harmful effects
The Congress of the United
States is a legislative branch of the United States government. Congress is
composed of two chambers with equal powers: the 100-member Senate and the
435-member House of Representatives. The primary duty of Congress is to write,
debate, and pass bills, 1_____________. Once the president approves the
legislation, the executive branch enforces the new laws and the judicial branch
interprets them. Other congressional duties include investigating pressing
national issues, supervising the executive and judicial branches, 2______________.
The Constitution of the
United States grants Congress “ all legislative powers” in the national
government. Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution lists a wide range of
congressional powers, including printing money, declaring war, and regulating
interstate and foreign commerce. Congress also controls federal taxing and
spending policies.
Congress shares many
powers with the president. Congress takes equal responsibility with the
president in framing U. S. foreign policy. The president and his
representatives negotiate treaties with other countries, but the treaties go
into effect only 3__________
Similarly, the president
appoints ambassadors, federal judges, and many other government officials,
4____________.
Congress also shares
control over the military with the president. Congress has the authority to
declare war and provide funding for soldiers and weapons,5____________
The Constitution limits congressional power. The original
articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights – the first ten amendments
to the Constitution – forbid Congress to pass some types of laws. The First
Amendment, for example, prevents Congress from creating a national religion. It
also declares that Congress Cannot violate certain basic freedoms 6__________
A.and
shaping U.S. foreign policy
B.when
the Senate approves them
С. which are then passed on to
the president for approval.
D.such as freedom of the
press, speech, association, and petition.
E.but the president
servers as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
F.which duty is to pass
new laws
G. but they must be
confirmed by the Senate
The Internet is completely changing the way 1______________. This general
source of news and knowledge has revolutionized the world of media beyond all
recognition. Thanks to the Internet we can find the most sophisticated pieces
of information in a flash. It’s no wonder 2______________. Because of this new
communication channel we feel almost as if we are eye witnesses of events
3_____________. And this is just the beginning of a great development.
Nowadays, everybody feels the need to have access to the Internet. Personally,
I just can’t imagine that there is any information we can’t receive by virtue
of this medium.
I love to surf the Internet for hours. How in the world would I get faster to
the people I care for? In no way would I dream of depreciating the importance
of telephones. Particularly as a woman I can sit on the phone 4______________.
Yet, the Internet helps me to save time. I can talk with some friends via the
Communicator; write e-mails to others 5_______________. The Internet is an
infinite source of information on education and career opportunities. As a
student I don’t want to lag behind those who are well informed about the best
job vacancies. It’s the Internet that gives me the means to select the most
appropriate offers and get in touch with potential employers. Instead of buying
dozens of newspapers and trawling through them in search of some worthwhile
information sandwiched between things I’m not really interested in, I find
everything I need in on time at all. In addition I can practise and improve my
English on the Internet 6 ________________. The Internet has become a vital
part of my daily life and it`s so much more to me than just another source of
entertainment.
A.
that we tend to say that the world
is getting smaller
B.
while I meet new people from
different parts of the world
C.
we access information
D.
because it appears to be quite
interesting
E.
till the cows come home
F.
which take place in distant
countries
G.
while simultaneously browsing the
World Wide Web
I’ve
been learning English since I was seven. The first few years were really
disastrous to me! We – brother and I – had to learn words and grammar rules,
1___________. We completely didn’t feel the need to learn English. Everything
has changed since I went to the USA for the first time in 1989. I was under
great impression of picturesque Great Canyon, Sonora Desert and by all means,
as a little girl I was fascinated by Disneyland! As far as my education is
concerned, I think that the most important thing to mention is that from the
earliest childhood I’ve been taught by qualified teachers, 2____________. I
think that this is of prime importance especially for young learners, as they
tend to learn wrong things very easily and later it takes an uphill struggle to
eliminate those errors. My teachers focused on all aspects of the language:
3__________. When I was younger they used to show me what the best ways of
practicing a language are.
Nowadays,
I know about what to do learn it most effectively. I watch many films in
original version and American programmers on TV, I read English books. To
practice new words I write essays 4_____________. Such exercises help me a lot
during oral exams 5______________. I could work on vocabulary many hours,
especially on idioms and metaphors, they are my favorite. By all means, I use
many exercise books which help me to practice grammar is to talk, write essays
etc. Of course, you have to know the grammar rules first. All in all, must
admit that I like oral English the most. Maybe it’s 6 ______________.
A.
who translated a lot
B.
grammar, vocabulary, oral and written English
C.
because, I’m quite a talkative person
D.
either at home or in high school
E.
when I have to answer questions or deliver a speech
F.
which didn’t seem to have much sense for us at that time.
G.
which include new interesting vocabulary.
Today ,when English is one of the major languages in
the world , it is spoken in many countries either as the mother tongue or as a
second language. It is the language of business, technology, sport, and
aviation. In this article I`ll focus on the two mostly commonly used versions
of English – British and American English. Before we take a look at some of the
differences between the two main types of English I`d like to stress 1______
and with the ongoing internationalization of our modern world they could even
said to be diminishing. The few differences that exist between British and
American English tend rather to enrich communication 2_______. Although not all
my British readers might agree, I think that the American version of spoken
English is becoming more and more dominant for several reasons. Let me give you
an example to show you 3_____. When you go to the UK and switch on the TV
you will see a lot of American shows, movies and films 4_____. Thus, especially
young people watching TV will learn a lit of American vocabulary and phrases 5_____.
It follows that modern British English is much more likely to be influenced by
American English that the other way round because when you live in the US and
watch TV you rarely will see a British show or film. Another area where US
English dominates is international business. Most globally operating companies
are based in the US and 6_____.
Hower,with any issue, the more you think about it,
the more variations you will encounter and it would be impossible to cover them
all in one article.
A. hence the influence of American English terminology
is very strong
B. why American English has a stronger impact on
British English than vice versa
C. that hasgiven English its present standing in the
world
D. that these differences are somewhat minor
E. which they easily use as their own
F. than slow it down
G. which are shown in the original American version
What intrigues me is 1_____.
Was it the phone or the letter? Or do we now have more contacts with people
then we used to simply 2_____? Or maybe the letter was too much of an
effort? In the old days people 3_____ would say: «Keep in touch. Give me
a bell. Drop me a line». But did you? Do you now keep in touch with e-mail?
Then of course not all
occasions are suitable for e-mails. Would you write an e-mail of sympathy to
someone whose loved one had died? Take another example. Would you send a love
e-mail? A love letter, well that`s something different. People look back over
those in later life and treasure them. But would you save your love e-mails and
keep them in a little box? Is it likely that an e-mail will acquire a
historical significance in the future 4_____? In this country sometimes
an e-mail between important political figures is `leaked` 5_____. That
rarely happened with letters. Again we have all seen and read books containing
the collected letters of famous writers, artists, politicians and the like. Can
you imagine a book containing the collected e-mails of similar figures in the
future? And that about the word «e-mail» itself? We can use it as a noun and a
verb and possibly call someone who sends one an e-mailer. What would we use to
describe the equivalent of correspondence? Could it be «e-mailings» or again «e-mailery»?
What I’d really like to know is 6______?
A. because they are so easy to get hold of and send to
the press
B. as letters have done in the past
C. what sort of communication we all used before the
coming of the e-mail
D. what sort of status do e-mails have in your opinion
E. you met briefly but got on with
F. because the phone could have been too expensive
G. as e-mails are so easy to send
It was a clear cold January
afternoon. Mrs. Smith had finished cooking and was waiting for Tom who promised
to come at three. Mrs Smith decided to go shopping with her son. William, her
husband, worked in a small advertising company as a bookkeeper 1______. She has
been looking for William’s birthday present for several days, but could not
find anything that suited her. Mrs. Smith counted the money again. William did
not earn big money and it was difficult for her to save a sum sufficient enough
for a good present. Mrs. Smith wanted to buy him a new camera. William was keen
one taking photos, 2______. Tom decided to buy him a new jumper.
They drove to the department
store 3______. Mrs. Smith used the escalator to go to the Electrical Department
on the third floor and Tom took the stairs up to the Men’s Clothing Department
on the first floor. When she got to the Electrical Department she found out
that cameras were sold in the Photography Department on the ground floor. She
took the elevator down and asked the sales assistant there for some help
4______. He recommended her an automatic camera by Olympus, but it was too
expensive. She asked him if he had anything a little cheaper and he told her
about a special offer on the Pentax range. It still seemed expensive to her so
she thanked the assistant and decided to shop around. She went to the other
departments looking for something else, but she soon understood 5______.
Meanwhile, Tom was looking at the jumpers. He only had £10 to spend so he
couldn’t afford most of them. He dreamt of presenting his father with a blue
jumper made of wool, but it cost €42. He left the department and went for his
mother. They decided to go to the smaller shops round the corner 6________.
A. which was located several
blocks off their house.
B . that the department store
was too expensive for her.
C . who explained everything
in detail.
D . but his old camera broke
down in September
E . where goods cost a bit
cheaper
F . and on Saturdays they
were going to celebrate his forty- fifth anniversary
G . because she didn`t know
much about cameras.
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