Ағылшын тілі фонетикасын
үйретудің шетелдік тәжірибесі
Британ аралындағы ағылшын тілінің әдеби айтылуы және
айтылу стильдері – English pronunciation in the British Isles
The English
language is widely distributed over the globe. After Chinese it has the world’s
largest speaking population – some 300 million, or, to put it in another way,
one person out of every ten in the world. It is the official language of
countries covering one fifth of the earth’s surface.
It is the
language of trade and business. Three fourths of the world’s mail is written in
English. English is at present the most widely studied language in countries
where it is not native. It is the favored foreign language in the higher
educational curriculum in such countries as Japan, Turkey and other countries.
Five million people of the European countries speak English in addition to
their native tongues.
English is
not concentrated in one land mass. It is spread from the British Isles to the
far corners of the earth. Besides Great, English is the mother tongue of the
USA, Australia, and New Zealand. It is also used by the greater part of the
population of Canada and the republic of South Africa.
Spoken
English is not uniform geographically. It may vary from country to country,
from district to district, or even from city to city. Though the variants of
English spoken in different countries have many features in common, they differ
from Standard English in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. This is due to
the different conditions in which they developed after separation from British
English.
The official
literary languages of most countries are based upon a local dialect of the
capital. Such is the case of Great Britain, France, and other countries. It is
the London dialect that served the basis for the literary language of Great
Britain, because as early as the 14th century London became the
center of economy, policy, commerce and learning. At present there exist
literary English of Scotland, Oreland, England and Wales. Each of these has
their local dialects. There are nine principal dialects in Scotland, three in
Ireland, thirty in England and Wales.
Phoneticians
distinguish 3 main types of pronunciation in GB:
1) Southern
English Pronunciation, or RP;
2) Northern
English Pronunciation;
3) Standard
Scottish Pronunciation.
Southern
English Pronunciation is also known as Received Pronunciation (RP
for short), or Standard English Pronunciation, or Public School Pronunciation,
or BBC English, or King’s English.
Received
Standard English is based upon the speech of the leading boarding schools and
the older universities. But in Britain very many of the population begin their
linguistic careers with one of the regional dialects as their sole speech.
Because of the barriers to communication created by the diversity of the
dialects, Englishmen, even Britons in general, readily accept the notion of a
Standard English Pronunciation and they are willing to learn it through
intensive effort, at school and elsewhere. Thus, although probably less than 10
% of the British population is original speakers of Received Standard English,
it is universally accepted as desirable by educational authorities and by the
mass of the population.
It is widely
spread and is generally used by the more educated classes of Britain, it is
spoken by BBC announcers and broadcasters. This type of pronunciation has been
thoroughly described in books on the phonetics of British English. It is taught
to foreigners as a second language. In our country this type of pronunciation
is accepted as the teaching norm.
There is no
necessity to describe it as it is being taught to our students.
Northern
English Pronunciation is used by the people born and raised in Northern
England, approximately between Birmingham and the border with Scotland. This
type has peculiarities in the phonemic and intonational components. The most
marked of them are as follows:
6-кесте – Northern English
Pronunciation
|
RP
|
NE
|
dance
|
/dɑ:ns/
|
/dans/ or
/dæns/
|
once
|
/wʌns/
|
/wuns/
|
sat
|
/sæt/
|
/sat/
|
make
|
/meik/
|
/mek/ or
/mε:k/
|
speak
|
/spi:k/
|
/spe:k/
|
live
|
/liv/
|
/łiv/
|
looking
|
/´lukiŋ/
|
/´łukin/
|
born
|
/bo:n/
|
/bo:rn/
|
which
|
/wiʧ/
|
/hwiʧ/
|
fondl
|
/fondl/
|
/fonł/
|
NE is
characterized by the so-called Northern drawl which is due ti its slow tempo.
Form-words are pronounced distinctly. The level scale is most characterized of
NE that is why it sounds rather monotonous.
NE was the
standard speech in the 16th, 17th and at the beginning of
the 18th centuries. This type of pronunciation was carried to
America. That is why there are many features in common between American English
and Northern English.
Standard
Scottish pronunciation is widespread in Scotland. Its peculiar features in
pronunciation are as follows:
7-кесте – Standard Scottish pronunciation
|
RP
|
Sc. E
|
sat
|
/sæt/
|
/sat/
|
love
|
/lʌv/
|
/luv/
|
time
|
/taim/
|
/ti:m/
|
take
|
/teik/
|
/tε:m/
|
house
|
/haus/
|
/hu:s/
|
don’t
|
/dount/
|
/do:nt/
|
clear
|
/kliə/
|
/kli:r/
|
loch
|
/lok/
|
/loх/
|
light
|
/lait/
|
/liçt/
|
ready
|
/redi/
|
/redi/ /r/
is rolled like Russian /p/
|
hard
|
/hɑ:d/
|
/ hɑ:rd/
|
why
|
/wai/
|
/hwai/
|
evening
|
/i:vniŋ/
|
/i:vnin/
|
Fall-rise
and Rise-fall are often used in general questions. The sliding scale is common.
3.2. Америка Құрама Штаттарындағы
аралындағы ағылшын тілінің әдеби айтылуы және айтылу стильдері – English
pronunciation in the USA
The English
language is native on at least 4 continents of the world. Out of its 300
million speaking population 190 million live in the United States of America.
The English
language was brought to America in the 17th century by the first
emigrants from Great Britain. In 1620 they settled on the Atlantic coast which
was lately called New England. These emigrants brought with them 17th
century educated English.
This type of
English developed in the new world under different conditions. Thus, gradually,
three main varieties of American English came to be recognized:
1)
Eastern American English;
2)
Southern American English;
3)
General American English (or Midwestern).
They command
approximately 30, 40 and 120 million speakers, respectively.
However, more
careful investigation reveals the presence of at least 24 well defined regional
dialects, most of which are located of the Mississippi.
In addition
to regional dialects, the speech of the US is characterized by special localism
typical of a single city or even borough, and by immigrant dialects.
Though
English in the USA is not homogeneous the regional speech differences offer no
great barrier to the free exchange of opinions and ideas. Besides the mobility
of modern life and communication devices such as radio and television are
affecting regional dialects, and they seem on the way of merging with each
other.
Geographically
the Eastern American English type includes New York City and its
environs, the New England east of the Connecticut River.
The
pronunciation of Eastern American is closer to British RP because of constant
intercourse between Great Britain and America. Eastern American English
developed under the strong influence of educated British English, as many rich
families sent their sons to their mother country to be educated there. This
helped to preserve the British standards of pronunciation in New England.
There are,
however, some slight differences between RP and Eastern American English. They
are as follows:
Vowels are
often nasalized in Eastern American English.
Geographically
Southern American English is spoken in the south and south east of the USA.
Cultured Southern American pronunciation has a number of peculiarities in the
pronunciation of vowels. The most striking of them is the so-called Southern
drawl which consists in diphthongization and triphthongization of some
monophthongs. On the contrary, some diphthongs are replaced by lengthened
monophthongs. The chief characteristics are the following:
1)
The vowels /i, e, æ, o/ are broken into diphthongs when stressed:
|
|
RP
|
SA
|
|
bid
|
/b׀d/
|
/biәd/
|
|
bed
|
/bed/
|
/beәd/
|
|
bad
|
bæd
|
baәd
|
2) The front vowel /i/ is usually lowered and diphthongized
to /ei/ before /ŋ/:
thing
|
/θiŋ/
|
/θeiŋ/
|
ink
|
/iŋk/
|
/eiŋk/
|
think
|
/θiŋk/
|
/θeiŋk/
|
3)The vowels
of “dish”, “fish” and the final vowel of ‘city’, ‘charity’, etc. occurs as /i:/
in many parts of the aria:
4) The
diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ are adapted to consonants: they are open and tense
before voiced consonants and are obscured (слабый, редуцированный) before voiceless consonants:
|
ride
|
raid
|
/raid/
|
|
time
|
taim
|
/ taim/
|
but:
|
night
|
nait
|
nәit
|
|
life
|
laif
|
lәif
|
|
laud
|
/laud/
|
/laud/
|
but:
|
house
|
/haus/
|
/hәus/
|
Geographically
General American is the least regional. Actually it is being
spoken in all parts of the country, from Ohio through the Middle West and to
the Pacific Coast.
General
American English constitutes the literary language of the USA. Consequently, GA
pronunciation makes its pronunciation standard. This type is used by radio and
television announcers and broadcasters. It is also accepted in motion pictures
and in theatre, it is used in scientific and business intercourse.
As GA
presents the standard pronunciation of the USA it will be viewed in detail from
different points:
a) the system
of vowel phonemes;
b) the system
of consonant phonemes;
c) accentual
structure of words;
d) reading
rules system;
e)
intonational structure of sentences.
We will
consider the most marked differences between RP and GA pronunciation.
The following
details in the system of vowel phonemes in GA are significant:
1) The vowel
phonemes are not differentiated by their length. According to D. Jones, all
American vowels are ling.
2) The
distinction between monophthongs and diphthongs is not very consistent. Some
diphthongs have monophthongs as their variants, and vice versa.
3) /e/ of RP
corresponds to GA /ε/ which is a lower front vowel almost coinciding with /æ/:
4) RP /o/
corresponds to an unrounded short variety of it in GA:
Exceptions:
long, log, strong.
5) In GA
vowels are generally nasalized when preceded or followed by a nasal consonant:
small
|
smo:l
|
smõl
|
stand
|
stænd
|
st˜ænd
|
6) The vowels
in classes of words represented by ‘Mary, ‘mary’ and ‘merry’ have generally the
same sound usually /e/.
According to
C.H. Prator there 25 consonant phonemes in GA: 24 of RP consonants plus /hw/.
The peculiar features in pronunciation of consonants are the following:
1) The RP
cacuminal /r/ is replaced in GA by a retroflex rounded sonorant /r/ (but not
after /t, d, θ/. It occurs in any position:
red
|
red
|
rεd
|
bird
|
bә:d
|
bәrd
|
sister
|
΄sistә
|
sistәr
|
2) Only the
dark variant of /l/ is used GA:
3) There is a
short voiced /t/ allophone of the /t/ phoneme in GA which is intermediate in
character between /d/ and one-tap /r/. It is used in intervocalic position (or
between a vowel and a sonorant), as in:
4) In the
words spelt with the initial ‘wh-‘ /hw/ is articulated. Compare the following
pairs of words:
5) In GA /j/
is omitted between a consonanr and /u:/:
The accentual
structure of words in GA differs greatly from that in RP.
Polysyllabic
words ending in –ary (-ory, -ery), -ony (-oly), etc have two stresses in GA:
the primary stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end and the tertiary
stress falls on the penultimate:
fragmentary
|
/΄frægmәntәri/
|
/΄frægmәn‚tεri/
|
monastery
|
/΄monәstәri/
|
/΄monәs‚tεri/
|
The reading rules
system
The
pronunciation of words in GA is in closer accordance with the general rules of
reading
tomato
|
/tә΄ma:tou/
|
/tә΄meitou/
|
ate
|
/et/
|
/eit/
|
vase
|
/va:z/
|
/veiz/
|
either
|
/΄aiðә/
|
/΄iðәr/
|
The intonational
structure of sentences in GA
Most of works
devoted to the intonation of GA have been based on the data of auditory
analyses. However, the experimental investigations of recent years have thrown
some light on the problem.
The general
impression of American intonation is rather monotonous – it seems to be
unemotional and even dry. This is due to the fact that an American begins his
sentence on a mid pitch level and remains fairly even until the terminal tone
is reached. In contrast an English begins his sentence on a high pitch level
and gradually descends.
Оставьте свой комментарий
Авторизуйтесь, чтобы задавать вопросы.