Муниципальное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение
Средняя общеобразовательная
школа № 69
Московского района г. Н.
Новгорода
Научный проект
«Идиомы как фразеологическая единица в
английском языке ».
Коршунова
М.Л
учитель английского языка
Нижний
Новгород
2015
год
Contents:
Introduction…………………………………………2
1.What is the
idiom.......................................................2
1.1. The history of the origin of
idioms.............................2
2.Classification of idioms……………………………..4
3.Idioms in Russian and English languages...............
4. The practical
part.....................................................
Conclusion.........................................
Bibliography...........................................
Today's modern readers of English literature are faced
with: full possession of grammar, having a good vocabulary stock, they,
nevertheless, are not always able to understand the content of the text. Most
often it is due - due to ignorance of idioms.
There is no doubt that in addition to regular
replenishment of your vocabulary, you need to seriously worry about the
enrichment of his speech stable combinations - the target language idioms.
Idioms, phrasal or seam exist in any language, and English is no exception.
Therefore, the study of English idioms very urgent problem today.
What should I do for this, based the
following:
Object: discover the
history of the origin of English idioms and use them in speech.
Objectives:
1. To form the ability to work with different sources
of information.
2. To develop an interest in the history of the
English language.
3. Expand vocabulary horizons.
4. Understanding English idioms and the frequency of
their use in speech.
1.1 What is the idiom?
Idioms are
expressions whose meaning is not equal to the meaning of their component words.
If to translate idioms literally, to be nonsense. For example: "You are
pulling my leg!" Literally it would be translated as: "You pull my
leg!", but actually correctly it will sound like "You messing with my
head!". In Russian there are idioms. For example: "You are
carelessly!" foreigner may not understand what this expression means.
1.2 The history
of the origin of idioms
In order to learn how idioms occur, consider this
process.
In the beginning before us is the usual suggestion
that everybody understands, although, like any other, contains some other
sense.
Later in the language disappears or changes a word.
This leads, on the one hand, to a slight change in the meaning of the whole
combination, and on the other hand is the word enriches (in semantic terms)
this expression creates a metaphor that poetry finds one person becomes public
domain. It is a figurative expression - proverb, in which is hidden a hint of
very many situations.
Especially incomprehensible becomes the original
meaning of these idioms, if the composition of the old expression were some of
the ancient grammatical words.
Also there is another process of occurrence of idioms,
which is much lighter than the previous. See it on the example:
In English there is an expression "As mad as a
hatter", which became known through the literature. It means "crazy
as a trader hats". But you ask why the dealer hats insane? This is all
easily explained. "Insane" has become both producers and sellers of
hats is no accident, for a long time in the production process attractive hats
were used mercury metal, which is caustic. And then only Lewis Carroll in
"Alice in Wonderland" showed the madness of the Hatter in the case.
In idiomag, sometimes only in them, so a lot of meets
old, now obscure words, and without them will crumble idiom as a complete unit,
already in itself will mean nothing. Idiom is the end result of the development
of the value of entire phrases. They disappear entirely - all idiom. Not
separate its component words
In order to study it, many researchers are turning to
the classifications. Idiom - is peculiar to a given language collocations whose
value is not determined by the value of its words taken separately. Due to the
fact that the idiom can not be translated literally (defeats the purpose) often
have difficulty translating and understanding. On the other hand, such idioms
give a vivid emotional language.
The study of phraseological units is of great
theoretical importance, since they are fixed various morphological and
syntactic and semantic language model. They expressed particular imaginative
thinking peoples certain ages. Learning and knowledge of these features allow
historical research and to make generalizations.
Idioms arise from the free combination of
words, which is used in a figurative sense. Gradually portable forgotten,
erased, and the combination becomes stable. Depending on how the component
values are erased phraseologies so strongly in their figurative meaning.
Some idioms have special properties. Other idioms
are common and logical combinations of words, bearing in mind their grammar and
vocabulary. Due to the special properties of some idioms, we have to study the
idiom as a whole, and often we can not change any of its components (except,
perhaps, of the verb). English language is very rich in idioms. It is difficult
to speak or write in English without using idioms. A native speaker is often
unaware that he uses the idiom; maybe he does not even seem to realize is that
this idiom grammatically incorrect. Studying the same language believes that
the proper use of idiomatic English one of its main objectives, and the fact
that some idioms are illogical or grammatically incorrect, gives him a lot of
trouble. Here can only help the careful work on idioms. It is impossible to
explain why the result of an unusual combination or choice of words there was
one or the other, the idiom. Idiom is formed as a result of long-term use - and
sometimes it can be seen from the dictionary. For example, the idiom to buy a
pig in a poke means "to buy what not previously inspected and that costs
less than paid for." The word 'poke'- is the old name of the bag' sack '.
In modern English «poke» with this value is only found in this idiom.
Therefore, it is clear that this idiom is used for much longer than individual
words.
Idioms take different forms and have a variety
of structures. They can be very short or quite long. A large number of idioms
is a certain combination of nouns and adjectives, such as: cold war, a dark
horse, a snake in the grass. Some idioms are much longer: to fish in troubled
waters, to take the bull by the horns.
Idiom may be right, wrong, or even grammatically
incorrect structure. Idiom I am good friends with him is wrong or illogical on
its grammatical structure: am a friend of his. A native speaker is not aware of
inconsistencies. Therefore, this phrase is an example of an idiom with the
wrong form, but clear content. Another type of idioms is the correct form, but
it is unclear significance. To have a bee in one's bonnet is the correct form,
but the meaning of this idiom is not obvious. In reality, it means someone -
that is obsessed with what - that idea. If you do not consider this phrase as
an idiom, it is impossible to understand its meaning.
Whether idioms of the English language? It usually
depends on where and how to use English. Stock up on idioms of the English
language on all occasions will fail, and without a strong knowledge of English
grammar is hardly possible to do: even the media cannot talk some idioms.
English phraseology is of great difficulty for language learners and
translators. However, idioms are very beautiful and original, they reflect the
thoughts and feelings of the people, so we chose them as the subject for this
work "".
2.Classification
of idioms
It should be noted that in the English and American
linguistics more commonly used is not the term "phraseological unit"
(phraseological unit), and the so-called "set-expression", which
means in essence is the same, along with the latter also used the concept of
"idioms" (id-iom). In English linguistics it has no specific
phraseological fusion and indicates all stable expression in General.
The most common classification of English
phraseological units is thematic. Within its framework, different scientists
distinguished group of phraseological units in semname composition values. The
classification has the basic types, formed by the presence of the main arisumi
(for example, to feel emotions), which are further divided into more specific
groups (such as excitement, fear, indifference, and so on).
It is also used in classification by correlation
idioms with certain parts of speech (so-called semantic classification). The
basis of separation is the accessory of the main word expressions to any part
of speech. There are the following sections (Kunin, A. C., Arnold I. C., and p.
P. Litvinov 2001: 129):
1. verb sustainable combinations: to come to a head,
to pull somebody's leg, to put one's foot down, etc.
2. stable combinations with adjectives: a good heart,
a naked eye, a green eye, a cool head and other
3. stable combinations with nouns: in the neck of
time, at the heart of something, to lose one's legs, all legs and other
4. sustainable expressions with prepositions: at first
hand, to be sick at heart, to look over one's shoulder at and other
The disadvantage of this classification is that the
criterion for the selection of core words remains unclear.
Semantic classification Vinogradov centuries has been
redesigned according to English language Caninum Century A. He has consistently
developed a structural aspect of English phraseological units. Also Kunin A. C.
developed, in addition to the above classification of phraseological units in
correlation with parts of speech, and classification of English idioms from the
point of view of their origin. He highlighted the following categories: proper
English (which he divides time of occurrence in old English, middle English, new
England) and borrowed (including bibleis: Achilles’ heel, one's own flesh and
blood, grecism and so on). (Kunin, A. C. 1967: 1253-1255)
Smirnitsky A. I. divides English set phrases:
1) those who have a vivid expression and emotional
martirovannoj (imaginative, expressive & emotional) and 2) those who are
deprived of it, stylistically neutral. (Smirnitsky A. I. 1978: 156)
For example: 1) soft in the head, a long head and 2)
an apple of one's eye, give a free hand, on the other hand.
Alekhine A. I. highlights semantic phraseological
series and models on the basis of semantic proximity (but not synonymy), for
example, on the basis of relations General concepts to specific. While the
linguist takes into account the structural features of stable expression. So
Alekhine allocates special verb structural-semantic model with the verbs to be,
to feel, to have, and so on, grouping them in certain semantic series, for
example, feeling, condition, existence, etc. (Alekhine, A. I. 1982: 7-15).
Arnold I. C. divides English idioms on the so-called
set-expressions, semi-fixed combinations & free phrases that generally
corresponds to the classification Vinogradov centuries on phraseological fusion
(to be neck and neck), unity (in thetwinkling of an eye, get the upper hand) and
combinations (one's own flesh and blood), respectively. (Arnold I. C. 1966:
182-184) Most in the English language are phraseological unity.
Thus, the classical classification of phraseological
units Vinogradov centuries are also applicable to English material, although
the most represented in the literature is the structural classification of
English stable expression in correlation with parts of speech. Each author
defines its own criteria for matching one or another of multicomponent
phraseological unit with one or another part of speech.
In our work, we decided to consider the most common
classification of English phraseological units subject classification.
Having studied Anglo-phraseological dictionary A. C.
Kunin, we came to the conclusion that there are several idiomatic groups that
are associated:
-with human and his character;
- animals;
-with parts of the body;
-with clothing;
- products;
- with the money;
-with school and learning.
- with the weather.
In our work we have studied English idioms, which are
part of the body, animals, colors, flowers and funny idiomatic expressions
related to school and learning, reviewed their meanings in Russian. Of course,
it is impossible to learn absolutely everything idioms of the English language.
And therefore, we have included in this work only 10 idioms and expressions,
which, in our opinion, are the most interesting.
Idioms related to body parts
1.Give / get the
cold shoulder
Дословный перевод:
холодное
плечо.
In order to understand the origin of this idiom, we
will have a little to understand the intricacies of cooking. In English, the
word shoulder in addition to the traditional us values "shoulder" is
just another translation is "Chuck carcasses". Now imagine that in
England welcome guests was usually served hot, freshly prepared dish. How,
then, welcomed the uninvited guests? The British, apparently, could not afford
to leave them quite hungry, so I gave it to them cold mutton shoulder - cold
mutton shoulder.
Значение: холодно,
безразлично
отнестись.
Например: I really needed
his advice, but he has given me the cold shoulder.
Перевод: Мне очень был нужен его совет, но
он проявил полное равнодушие ко мне.
2. Let your hair down
Дословный перевод: позвольте своим волосам
упасть.
I think this idiom is especially close will be girls,
and here's why. Far in the 17th century the women wore a variety of hairstyles,
collecting and killing the hair. In the evening, in a calm and relaxed
atmosphere, the usual procedure was blooming and combing hair. Now the
expression let your hair down was used in a slightly different value.
Значение: расслабиться, вести себя
непринужденно.
Например: I had extremelly
hard day at work and need to let my hair down now.
Перевод: У меня был ужасно тяжелый день на
работе и теперь мне нужно расслабиться.
Idioms related to
animals
1. It’s raining cats and dogs
Дословный перевод:
дождь
из
кошек
и
собак.
There are many assumptions about the origin of this
idiom. In some of them it's hard to believe, others, perhaps, were invented by
fans of colorful stories, I will offer a third option. In the distant 1500-ies,
when modern architecture was still very far away, the roofs were covered with a
thick layer of straw, which made them particularly attractive place for cats,
dogs and other small animals (probably due to the fact that this material is
better retain heat). During heavy rains, the animals were sometimes slipped and
fell down, and the British began to associate rain with falling cats and dogs,
hence the expression " it's raining cats and dogs.
Значение: лить как из ведра.
Например: I will stay at
home! The weather is terrible! Just look, it’s raining cats and dogs.
Перевод: Я остаюсь дома! Погода
отвратительная! Ты посмотри, льет как из ведра.
2.Rabbit’s foot
Дословный перевод: заячья лапка.
Do not worry if someone promised You a Birthday
present to “rabbit''s foot”.This means that Your friend just wants You to
choose a mascot for good luck.
Значение: талисман
на
удачу.
Например: Do you possess
something that is a rabbit’s foot for you?
Перевод: У вас есть что-нибудь, что
является для Вас талисманом?
Idioms related to
school and learning
1.To count noses
Дословный перевод: подсчитывать носы.
Each English teacher begins the lesson by counting
noses, which means that he believes the number of students.
Значение: подсчитать
количество
учеников.
Например: It was hard for
a teacher to count all the noses because all kids were bustling and were not on
their seats.
Перевод: Учителю было сложно пересчитать
детей, потому что все они суетились и не были на своих местах.
2.Cut
class
Дословный перевод: резать урок.
Yet in addition to diligent students and veteran
teachers in the classroom there are those who do not want to learn and cut
classes every day. Closest in meaning to this idiom perfect Russian expression
"band" class.
Значение: отлынивать
от
занятий.
Например: I'm going to cut
my English class because I haven't done my homework.
Перевод: Я собираюсь "закосить"
английский, потому что не сделал домашнее задание.
Idioms related to
man and his nature
1. Busybody
Дословный перевод: занятое тело.
In English such a person is also called nosy
("too curious", lit. "big nose"), and he often resemble:
mind your own business ("take care of your business, stay out of
it").
Значение: сплетник(-ца)
Например: My aunt is such
a busybody – she’s always asking nosy questions about my love life.
Перевод: Моя тетушка такая сплетница: она
всегда задает слишком любопытные вопросы о моей жизни.
2. Cheapskate
Дословный перевод:
халявщик.
But the "greedy-beef" in English is
greedy-guts (lit. "the greedy belly").
Значение: Скряга, жадина.
Например: John bought his
mother a $5 gift for her birthday. I can’t believe what a cheapskate he is!
Перевод: Джон купил своей матери на день
рождения подарок за 5 фунтов. Подумать только,
он
такой
скряга!
Idioms related to clothes.
1. Tighten
your belt
Дословный перевод:
засучить
рукава.
(Both literally and figuratively); to live on a more
limited resources.
Значение: начать
экономить.
Например: The people at
city hall will have to pull in their belts a notch unless they want to raise
taxes.
Перевод: Работникам мэрии придется
затянуть потуже пояс, если только они не хотят поднимать налогов.
2. Ants in your pants
Дословный перевод: муравьи в штанах.
If a person can not sit still, he squirms around on
the chair, nervous, chattering leg, tapping his fingers and simply finds no
place, this phrase will just in time.
Значение: нетепливый.
Например:You seem to have
ants in your pants!
Перевод: Да ты просто не находишь себе
место!
3.
Idiom divided into several types:
1. phraseological seam (= idiom) - a figure of speech,
the meaning of which is not determined by the value of its words, where you can
not rearrange the words in some places or change them to any other. Quite often
the grammatical form and meaning of idioms do not reflect the realities of the
present, then the idiom is archaic (outdated, save as phraseologies coalescence
of words from the past, where it was the literal meaning (eg
"twiddle" is now understood as "this nonsense" or "laze
"In the past meant" to split a log into blanks for the manufacture of
wooden household items. "
2. Phraseology unity - a steady turnover, which
preserves the signs of separateness of its components. Idiomatic expression is
characterized by imagery, every word, its constituent has its value, but
together they become a figurative sense. Often examples phraseological unities
are various stylistic devices and expressive means, in particular metaphors,
such as "granite science", "rise to the bait." Phraseological
unity in the same indivisible, replacing the word (even synonymous with it)
leads to the destruction phraseologies or change settings ("granite
science" → "basalt science" or "rise to the bait" →
"to get into the network").
3. Phraseological combinations (collocation) - kind of
phraseological units, combination, which included the words, may be as a free
value, and with the non-free (ie. E. Used only in a particular combination).
The value consists of a combination of idiomatic meanings of his words.
Phraseological combinations partially divisible, in contrast to previous types
of phraseology: one part is constant, while the other - a replacement (for
example, from a combination of "burn with envy", you can create
another - "burn with love", replacing the word "envy" with
the word "love ").
4. The final view is frazemy phraseological
expressions - is a stable structure which is chlenimoy and consists entirely of
words with a free value. Expressions that are reproducible - they are used as a
ready-made units of speech with constant composition, often complete sentences
with a specific instruction, or moral precept. Typical examples of
phraseological expressions are proverbs and sayings, aphorisms and catch
phrases.
4. The practical part
Research understanding English idioms
students and the frequency of their use in speech.
Objective: to assess the level of understanding of the
meanings of English idioms, as well as the frequency of their use in speech.
To identify the understanding of the meanings of English
idioms, as well as the frequency of their use in speech, we conducted a survey
among students 9 and 10 classes. The number of respondents was 30 people.
Investigation of understanding English idioms
students.The meaning of set expressions are very difficult to grasp, despite
the fact that they are familiar translations of all compound words. To this
end, we conducted a small study.To clarify the understanding of the importance
of English idioms, as well as the frequency of their use in speech. We gave the
students a few idioms that are popular and common and asked to write their
values.
A hot potato - данная идиома означает
неприятный вопрос.
Piece of cake - данная фраза означает что
что-то выполнить легко.
Costs an arm and a leg - данная же фраза
означает, что что-то “стоит очень дорого”.
Break a leg - эта фраза означает “ни пуха
ни пера!”
Hit the books - данная фраза означает
“учиться”.
Let the cat out of the bag - идиома
означает “открывать секрет, выдавать тайну.”
Hit the nail on the head - данная идиома
означает, что какое-то высказывание абсолютное точное.
When pigs fly - идиома означает что-то
крайне нереальное.
You can’t judge a book by its cover - “Не
судите о книге по ее обложке”
Bite off more than you can chew - идиома
означает, что не следует пытаться делать что-то, что существенно превосходит
ваши таланты.
See eye to eye - сходиться с кем-то во
взглядах, мнениях.
Kill two birds with one stone – убить
сразу двух зайцев, то есть одним действием решить сразу две проблемы.
The result
Conclusion
To talk about the origins of idioms endlessly, finding
more and more interesting and funny stories. Our main goal was to show that
expression, which at first glance there is no logic, miraculously get her, if
you look at them more closely. This perhaps is one of the secrets of success in
learning any foreign language is to ask yourself the question "why?"
and try to find the answer. I hope that some of the stories will help you to
remember and learn favourite idioms. After all, the possession of at least one
foreign language in our day is a necessity. Often the level of English speaking
is characterized by the use in the speech of English idioms, as they do not
have analogues in the native language. On the one hand idioms reinforce the
uniqueness and individuality of the language, but on the other hand the use of
idioms complicates the understanding and translation from a foreign language.
But still, the knowledge and use of idioms in speech indicates a high level of
foreign ownership, decorate it, make it shaped. The results of the research,
our work has shown that the students in our school do not use in his speech,
English idioms, they simply don't know.
Bibliography
Оставьте свой комментарий
Авторизуйтесь, чтобы задавать вопросы.