Презентация "Модальные глаголы и их заменители"

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  Modal Verbs and their Substitutes
  Made by Tamara Kitova,
  the lecturer of Voronezh
  Polytechnical
  School
  
  2022
  
  

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  Can, May, Must, Should
  - don’t name an action, but show the attitude of the speaker towards the action in the sentence;
  -  are followed by the infinitive without particle to;
  interrogative and negative forms are built without the auxiliary do, does, will, did, am, is, are;
  - don’t conjugate ( не спрягаются):
  I/you/he/she/we/ they can sing.
  
  

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  CAN means a physical or mental ability to do anything.
  
  It has 2 tense forms: - CAN is Present Simple;
  - COULD is Past Simple .
  
  I can learn the poem by heart.
  I can not (can’t) learn the poem by heart.
  Can I learn the poem by heart ?
  Birds can fly, but people can’t fly.
  She could swim .
  She could not (couldn’t) swim in her childhood.
  Could she swim?
  He could drive a car.
  

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  BE ABLE TO ( быть способным что-то сделать)
  is a substitute of CAN. It’s used in all tense-forms if necessary:
  
  She is able to dance./She can dance.
  She isn’t able to fly./She can’t fly.
  I was able to speak English when I was 15./ I could speak English when I was 15.
  I will be able to enter the university.
  I won’t be able to enter the university.
  Will you be able to enter the university?
  

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  MAY has 2 forms: MAY – the Present tense MIGHT – the Past tense.
  
  MAY has some meanings:
  - permission (разрешение)
  You may come. May I take your car? You may not eat ice-cream. She said that he might take her book.
  - supposition (предположение)
  He may be at home.
  He might come soon.
  disapproval (неодобрение)
  You might have helped me. ( Мог бы помочь мне)
  

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  TO BE ALLOWED TO (получить разрешение сделать что-либо) is used as a substitute of MAY. It’s used in all tense-forms if necessary:
  I am allowed to take these books. / I may take these books.
  He isn’t allowed to come late./ He may not come late.
  Is he allowed to come late?
  I will be allowed to come to her.
  They were allowed to visit the plant.
  

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  MUST means duty, obligation (долг).
  
  MUST is used in present time contexts, it may refer to the future.
  I must work everyday.
  She must not (mustn’t) come here.
  We must respect our parents.
  They must go to school.
  Must you stay at home today?
  
  MUST may mean strong probability ( вероятность, возможность):
  Kate is absent, she must be ill.
  

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  HAVE TO is used as a substitute of MUST and rendered in Russian as приходится, вынужден что-то делать. It may be used in Past , Future and Present Tenses. The negative and interrogative forms are built up with auxiliary do.
  
  He has to go to his parents./He must go to his parents.
  I have to do this work. Do I have to do this work?
  I don’t have to do this work.
  I had to do this work. Did I have to do this work?
  I didn’t have to do this work.
  I will have to do this work tomorrow .
  

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  SHOULD is used as a substitute of MUST and rendered in Russian as следует, желательно. SHOULD is used with reference to the present or future.
  You should do it.
  You shouldn’t do it.
  Should you do it?
  They shouldn’t go. They should study.
  
  SHOULD may be combined with the perfect infinitive:
  You should have called her. – the affirmative sentence indicates that a desirable action wasn’t carried out
  You shouldn’t have done it! – the negative sentence shows that undesirable action was carried out.
  

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  OUGHT TO(следует ) is equal to Should. It has the only form and is used with the reference to the present or future:
  You ought to learn English./You should learn English. – Тебе следует изучать английский язык.
  Ought she to warn him?
  He oughtn’t to tell it anybody.
  
  In combination with Perfect Infinitive OUGHT TO in the affirmative form refers to the past and shows that a desirable action wasn’t carried out.
  You ought to have done this exercise.- Тебе следовало выполнить это упражнение.
  

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  TO BE as a modal verb is used in the Present and Past tenses.
  It has the following meanings:
  a previously arranged plan:
  We are to meet at six. Who was to speak at the meeting?
  instructions:
  Students are to report to the teacher about the absent ones.
  possibility:
  Where is he to be found?
  

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  SHALL is an auxiliary verb of Future tenses, but it has the meaning of obligation. This meaning may be found with a second and third persons in sentences expressing promise, treat or warning
  You shall have my answer tomorrow.
  You shall stay just where you are!
  Shall I read?
  WOULD expresses:
  - a polite request - Would you help me?
  An action, that is fail in performing – He wouldn’t listen to me.
  (Он никак не хотел меня слушать)
  
  

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  NEED TO express necessity (необходимость).
  It has the only form - the Present tense.
  
  We need to talk. – Нам надо поговорить.
  You needn’t be afraid of me.
  Need I repeat the question?
  
  NEEDN’T with Perfect Infinitive express an action which has been performed but it was unnecessary:
  You needn't have done it. – Вам не нужно было этого делать.