Урок по культуре КБР "Куначества" (10 класс)

Муниципальное казённое общеобразовательное  учреждение

«Средняя общеобразовательная школа» с.п. Герменчик

Тема : «Возрождение куначества».

    

                                                             Канукоева Эмма Борисовна

2016 год

                                          

                                  

КУНАЧЕСТВО

«Достойный человек не бывает без друзей»

  СТРАНИЦЫ   истории

   Куначество  (от тюрк. 

   кунак — гость)

   распространённый в прошлом на Северном Кавказе обычай, по которому двое мужчин, принадлежавших к разным родам, племенам или народностям, вступали в тесные дружеские отношения и оказывали друг другу помощь и защиту.

       По происхождению  куначество  связано с обычаем гостеприимства, но по значению ближе к побратимству.

«Достойный человек не бывает без друзей»

 - гласит  пословица. Куначество возводит дружбу до предельной высоты.

 Кавказцы  веками хранят обычай куначества. Из поколения в поколения детям, а те в свою очередь – своим детям, передавались этические нормы куначества. Передавались и через устное народное творчество, в сказках и легендах.

этика    куначества

Этика куначества на   Кавказе   считалась основой взаимоотношений между народами. Куначество почитается  наравне с родством, однако, отношение к друзьям еще более ответственное, нежели к родственникам. Невнимательность или неучтивость по отношению к брату простится, но по отношению к другу – никогда.

Каким образом заключались дружеские союзы?

   Известны три вида братания.

   Первый – торжественная клятва в присутствии друзей или старших по возрасту.

   Второй - питье молока из одной чаши, в которую, как символ верности, клали золотое кольцо - чтобы дружба никогда «не ржавела».

   Третий - вид заключения дружеского союза – соединение крови, для чего побратимы делали на пальцах порезы и смешивали капельки крови.

О современном обряде сообщалось семьям и близким родственникам

обеих сторон

После совершения одного из этих ритуалов названные братья обменивались шашками, башлыками, бурками и другими вещами, что также символизировало побратимство.

         

Если ты кунак,

         то мой порог, 

Ждёт тебя, сдувая  облака.

Если ты от жажды изнемог,

То моя река - твоя река.

                       (Р. Гамзатов)

Л. Толстой о своём кунаке:

«Много раз он доказывал мне свою преданность, подвергая из-за меня свою жизнь опасности, но это для него ничего не значит, это для него обычай и удовольствие…».

Тип урока: - Комбинированный.

                     - Методы обучения и формы организации учебной деятельности

                     - Проблемный исследовательский метод

                     - Использование презентации

Цели и задачи: - Раскрыть процесс формирования куначества на Северном Кавказе.

                              - Показать учащимся проблемы и достижения развития куначества, роль и                                                                                                  значение в жизни общества.

                              - Формирование культуры, толерантного      поведения подрастающего поколения

Отрадно сообщить вам, что сегодняшнее наша молодёжь

возвращается к нашим древним традициям. Как бы заново возрождается куначество и аталычество.

Ожидаемые результаты: - Знание основных принципов                   куначества.

                                                  - Развитие коммуникативных , исследовательских способности учащихся.

                                                  -

Оборудование: ИКТ; фотографии; иллюстрации; материалы, подготовленные учителем и учениками; сиди со школьными мероприятиями коллектива; тезисные записи. 

Ход урока.

Добрый день. Ребята сегодня у нас необычный урок.

Наша тема «Возрождение куначества».

 Цели и задачи нашего урока:

                              - Раскрыть процесс формирования куначества на Северном Кавказе.

                              - Показать учащимся проблемы и достижения развития куначества, роль и                                                                                                  значение в жизни общества.

                              - Формирование культуры, толерантного поведения подрастающего поколения.

Отрадно сообщить вам, что сегодняшнее наша молодёжь возвращается к нашим древним традициям. Как бы заново возрождается куначество и аталычество.

  Кабардинцы и балкарцы издавна славились своим гостеприимством.

Давайте немного вспомним.

Опрос учащихся:

1)  Кто скажет,  как и на кого распространялось гостеприимство?

2) Что получал гость по обычаю?

3) А если гостя преследовали?

Учитель: На основе гостеприимства у кабардинцев и балкарцев, как и у других народов Северного Кавказа сложился институт куначества (ныбжьэгъу благъэ, къонакъ).

 В переводе, с тюркского, «кунак» -  означает гость. Он является одной из форм искусственного родства, в результате которого двое мужчин, принадлежащие к разным родам, племенам или даже народностям, вступали в более близкие дружеские отношения и оказывали друг другу в нужных случаях всяческую помощь и защиту.

 Куначество , как и гостеприимство являлось институтом первобытнообщинного строя.

4) А как устанавливалось куначество?

5) Какие обряды проводили в более раннее  время для установления   куначества?

6) Какова роль куначества в экономических и культурных связях между Северокавказскими народами?

7) А какова же роль в экономике?

8) А если всё же кунаки (купцы) , находившиеся у кабардинских князей терпели ущерб или же хуже, их убивали. Как вёл себя князь?

9)Чем отличалось гостеприимство от куначества?

 Учитель:  Итак , я хотела  вас самостоятельно подвести к теме нашего урока, и нам с вами это удалось.

 Учитель: Кто-нибудь из вас может привести живой пример куначества? Из ваших близких, кто-нибудь был кунаком или принимал у себя дома кунака?

  Тогда я вам покажу как это происходило в нашей школе , с нашими детьми.

Знакомство с проектом «куначество» (видео)

 (Видео куначество)

  Как рассказала руководитель проекта Анджела Паштова, организаторы ставят себе цель познакомить и подружить между собой подростков разных национальностей.

   География проекта «куначество» ограничивалась сначала Кабардино-Балкарией, затем расширилась.  Как говорит Паштова, "кунаками" стали ребята из нескольких десятков семей. Список участников проекта уже больше  сотни. О желании обрести кунаков уже заявили кабардинские, балкарские, чеченские, осетинские, ингушские, карачаевские семьи и представители Дагестана. В  проект включаются  Ставропольский край и Адыгея, а также впервые намерены участвовать Абхазия и Южная Осетия.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Подростки в возрасте от 13 до 17 лет на 4 дня сменили семью и выехали в другой регион. Находясь в принимающих семьях на правах сыновей, они познакомились с традициями и бытом другого этноса, приняли участие в жизни новой для себя семьи. В частности, разделили с кунаками летние хлопоты по хозяйству: будь то сбор урожая или заготовка сена, уход за домашними животными или ремонт построек. Гостей привлекали к приготовлению национальных блюд, не забывая рассказать о глубинном смысле обрядов их подачи на стол. В Осетии это сакральные три пирога, у карачаевцев и балкарцев – хычины, у черкесов – лакумы. Особое искусство - разделить за столом голову барана, когда каждая часть наделяется особым значением и передается тому или иному гостю в зависимости от его возраста и статуса в обществе.

 ( Кто-нибудь из вас знает,  как правильно нужно делить  голову?)

   На этапе подготовки координаторы подбирают семьи, готовые отпустить свое чадо к чужим людям, а также семьи, готовые взять на себя ответственность за чужого ребенка, пусть и ненадолго. Девочки в программе, по понятным причинам, не участвуют. Главное условие – добропорядочность и надёжность принимающей семьи, наличие в ней сверстника для «приёмного сына». В помощники привлекают чиновников из региональных министерств и ведомств, отвечающих за работу с молодежью. Поиск приемных родителей идет через школы и даже объявления в газетах.

"Проект в разных вариантах реализуется с 2009 года, о нем охотно рассказывают СМИ, поэтому уговаривать родителей отпустить ребенка в другую семью долго не приходится, хотя регион у нас сложный и опасения у людей есть. В то же время, идея возродить старинный обычай куначества понравилась многим. Родители, выросшие во времена советского интернационализма, активно поддерживают установление дружеских связей с семьями других национальностей. Мы приветствуем, что в ряде республик проект "Куначество" подхватили и другие общественные организации, а также министерства и ведомства, отвечающие за молодежную политику», - отметила Анджела Паштова.

   Отличительной особенностью проекта "Куначество", который реализует Институт молодежных инициатив, является проведение с детьми предварительных тренингов, в том числе, по искусству коммуникации и межличностным отношениям.

   Учитель : Если ты кунак, то мой порог ждёт тебя,

                                             сдувая облака.

                   Если ты от жажды изнемог,

                   То моя река – твоя река.

                                         (Р. Гамзатов)

   Учитель :   Великие русские писатели А.Пушкин, М. Лермонтов, Л. Толстой и другие, знавшие быт и нравы горцев, писали о традициях куначества. Л. Толстой дружил со многими горцами, называл их кунаками. Вот как писал он о своем кунаке Садо Мисербиеве: «Много раз он доказывал мне свою преданность, подвергая из-за меня свою жизнь опасности, но это для него ничего не значит, это для него обычай и удовольствие…». Известно, что Садо Мисербиев подарил Л.Толстому шашку в знак верной дружбы, ведь  кунаки  дарили оружие только друзьям. Эта шашка находится в музее писателя в Москве.

Сценка на кабардинском языке «Дыщэ сом».

Ребята в национальной одежде читают сценку.

Учитель : Суть этой сценки?

Закрепление урока.

  Хотели бы вы ребята стать кунаком?

   Или может хотели бы у себя дома принять кунака?

 Каждого ученика, который отвечал на вопросы, учитель награждает золотой монетой.

Домашнее задание – глава 3,  пр. 3 .

 Если останется время- видео «Отец воспитывает сына».                                               (Великолепный век)

 Учитель: Всегда умейте слушать своих родителей.

В заключение всему выше сказанному хотелось бы сказать вам ребята:

Не важно, что ты видишь – важно, как ты на это смотришь.

Чтобы дойти до цели, надо, прежде всего, идти.

Никогда не бойся делать то, что ты не умеешь.   

Нет судьбы, которую мы выбираем.

Есть судьба, которую мы творим.

СПАСИБО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕ!