Worksheet ”Structure and functions of brain and spinal cord”

Worksheet  ” Structure and functions  of brain and spinal cord ”

Name ……………………………………………………………… Group B ….                Date …………………..

Task 1.  Use the descriptions below to label the different parts of a neuron.

axon - the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell. axon terminals - the hair-like ends of the axon cell body - the cell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus (also called the soma) dendrites - the branching structure of a neuron that receives messages (attached to the cell body)

myelin sheath - the fatty substance that surrounds and protects some nerve fibers node of Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon nucleus - the organelle in the cell body of the neuron that contains the genetic material of the cell Schwann's cells - cells that produce myelin - they are located within the myelin sheath.

Task 2. A. Choose the best responces that best correspond to the description provided  in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks.

Key choises 

A. Autonomic nervous system              C. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

B. Central  nervous system (CNS)        D. Somatic nervous system

________ 1. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

________ 2. Subdivision of the PNS  that controls voluntary activities such as the activation  of skeletal muscles.

________ 3. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

________ 4. Subdivision of the PNS  that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands?

                     It is    also called the in voluntary nervous system

________ 5. A major subdivision of the nervous system that interpretrs incoming information and issuis orders.

________ 6. A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts

                     of the body  to the CNS.

B.  Make a conceptual map

•           The brain is enclosed in the cranium.

•           A layer of tissues called the meninges surrounds the brain.
Task 3.  

A.    Label the 3 major parts of the brain:

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

B.     Use the descriptions below to label the different parts of the human brain.

Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres.  It is the largest part of the brain.  They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement. Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head). Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head). Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head). Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination.

Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C" on its side. Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc. Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla Oblongata. Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones. Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae).

     Task 4

A.    Label a diagram, using given words

spinal cord, grey matter, white matter, dorsal root, ventral root, sensory neurons, motor neurons, spinal nerves (31 pairs), central  canal (cerebrospinal fluid)

B.     Answer the questions

What are the spinal cord functions? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What structures are these functions related with?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

C.    Using choices from column B indicate what would happen if the structures in column A were damaged or transected

Column A _______1. Dorsal root of a spinal nerve ­_______2. Ventral root of a spinal nerve

Column B A.    Lose of motor function B.     Lose of sensory function

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that bathes the entire surface of the central nervous system and cushions the brain and spinal cord against concussion or violent changes of position. It is contained within a system of fluid-filled cavities called ventricles. Since it's replaced several times a day, CSF flushes the central nervous system. (metabolism, a barrier to microbes and viruses)

Task 5

Meningitis  is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal injuries  is damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal

What are the causes, symptoms, consequences, prevention of these health violations?

Fill the table “The characteristics of Meningitis and Spinal injuries?

Health violations	Causes	Symptoms	Consequences	Prevention
Meningitis
Spinal injuries

Task 6

Epidural anesthetics is the most popular method of pain relief during labor.

A lumbar puncture (LP) is a common medical test that involves taking a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for examination.  

What are the advantages and disadvantages of these procedures? Fill the table

Procedures	Advantages	Disadvantages
Spidural anesthetics
A lumbar puncture (LP)